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Markdown

---
paths:
- "**/*.swift"
- "**/Package.swift"
---
# Swift 模式
> 此文件使用 Swift 特定内容扩展了 [common/patterns.md](../common/patterns.md)。
## 面向协议的设计
定义小型、专注的协议。使用协议扩展来提供共享的默认实现:
```swift
protocol Repository: Sendable {
associatedtype Item: Identifiable & Sendable
func find(by id: Item.ID) async throws -> Item?
func save(_ item: Item) async throws
}
```
## 值类型
* 使用结构体(struct)作为数据传输对象和模型
* 使用带有关联值的枚举(enum)来建模不同的状态:
```swift
enum LoadState<T: Sendable>: Sendable {
case idle
case loading
case loaded(T)
case failed(Error)
}
```
## Actor 模式
使用 actor 来处理共享可变状态,而不是锁或调度队列:
```swift
actor Cache<Key: Hashable & Sendable, Value: Sendable> {
private var storage: [Key: Value] = [:]
func get(_ key: Key) -> Value? { storage[key] }
func set(_ key: Key, value: Value) { storage[key] = value }
}
```
## 依赖注入
使用默认参数注入协议 —— 生产环境使用默认值,测试时注入模拟对象:
```swift
struct UserService {
private let repository: any UserRepository
init(repository: any UserRepository = DefaultUserRepository()) {
self.repository = repository
}
}
```
## 参考
查看技能:`swift-actor-persistence` 以了解基于 actor 的持久化模式。
查看技能:`swift-protocol-di-testing` 以了解基于协议的依赖注入和测试。