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---
name: postgres-patterns
description: PostgreSQL database patterns for query optimization, schema design, indexing, and security. Based on Supabase best practices.
---
# PostgreSQL パターン
PostgreSQLベストプラクティスのクイックリファレンス。詳細なガイダンスについては、`database-reviewer` エージェントを使用してください。
## 起動タイミング
- SQLクエリまたはマイグレーションの作成時
- データベーススキーマの設計時
- 低速クエリのトラブルシューティング時
- Row Level Securityの実装時
- コネクションプーリングの設定時
## クイックリファレンス
### インデックスチートシート
| クエリパターン | インデックスタイプ | 例 |
|--------------|------------|---------|
| `WHERE col = value` | B-tree(デフォルト) | `CREATE INDEX idx ON t (col)` |
| `WHERE col > value` | B-tree | `CREATE INDEX idx ON t (col)` |
| `WHERE a = x AND b > y` | 複合 | `CREATE INDEX idx ON t (a, b)` |
| `WHERE jsonb @> '{}'` | GIN | `CREATE INDEX idx ON t USING gin (col)` |
| `WHERE tsv @@ query` | GIN | `CREATE INDEX idx ON t USING gin (col)` |
| 時系列範囲 | BRIN | `CREATE INDEX idx ON t USING brin (col)` |
### データタイプクイックリファレンス
| 用途 | 正しいタイプ | 避けるべき |
|----------|-------------|-------|
| ID | `bigint` | `int`、ランダムUUID |
| 文字列 | `text` | `varchar(255)` |
| タイムスタンプ | `timestamptz` | `timestamp` |
| 金額 | `numeric(10,2)` | `float` |
| フラグ | `boolean` | `varchar``int` |
### 一般的なパターン
**複合インデックスの順序:**
```sql
-- 等価列を最初に、次に範囲列
CREATE INDEX idx ON orders (status, created_at);
-- 次の場合に機能: WHERE status = 'pending' AND created_at > '2024-01-01'
```
**カバリングインデックス:**
```sql
CREATE INDEX idx ON users (email) INCLUDE (name, created_at);
-- SELECT email, name, created_at のテーブル検索を回避
```
**部分インデックス:**
```sql
CREATE INDEX idx ON users (email) WHERE deleted_at IS NULL;
-- より小さなインデックス、アクティブユーザーのみを含む
```
**RLSポリシー(最適化):**
```sql
CREATE POLICY policy ON orders
USING ((SELECT auth.uid()) = user_id); -- SELECTでラップ!
```
**UPSERT:**
```sql
INSERT INTO settings (user_id, key, value)
VALUES (123, 'theme', 'dark')
ON CONFLICT (user_id, key)
DO UPDATE SET value = EXCLUDED.value;
```
**カーソルページネーション:**
```sql
SELECT * FROM products WHERE id > $last_id ORDER BY id LIMIT 20;
-- O(1) vs OFFSET は O(n)
```
**キュー処理:**
```sql
UPDATE jobs SET status = 'processing'
WHERE id = (
SELECT id FROM jobs WHERE status = 'pending'
ORDER BY created_at LIMIT 1
FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED
) RETURNING *;
```
### アンチパターン検出
```sql
-- インデックスのない外部キーを検索
SELECT conrelid::regclass, a.attname
FROM pg_constraint c
JOIN pg_attribute a ON a.attrelid = c.conrelid AND a.attnum = ANY(c.conkey)
WHERE c.contype = 'f'
AND NOT EXISTS (
SELECT 1 FROM pg_index i
WHERE i.indrelid = c.conrelid AND a.attnum = ANY(i.indkey)
);
-- 低速クエリを検索
SELECT query, mean_exec_time, calls
FROM pg_stat_statements
WHERE mean_exec_time > 100
ORDER BY mean_exec_time DESC;
-- テーブル肥大化をチェック
SELECT relname, n_dead_tup, last_vacuum
FROM pg_stat_user_tables
WHERE n_dead_tup > 1000
ORDER BY n_dead_tup DESC;
```
### 設定テンプレート
```sql
-- 接続制限(RAMに応じて調整)
ALTER SYSTEM SET max_connections = 100;
ALTER SYSTEM SET work_mem = '8MB';
-- タイムアウト
ALTER SYSTEM SET idle_in_transaction_session_timeout = '30s';
ALTER SYSTEM SET statement_timeout = '30s';
-- モニタリング
CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS pg_stat_statements;
-- セキュリティデフォルト
REVOKE ALL ON SCHEMA public FROM public;
SELECT pg_reload_conf();
```
## 関連
- Agent: `database-reviewer` - 完全なデータベースレビューワークフロー
- Skill: `clickhouse-io` - ClickHouse分析パターン
- Skill: `backend-patterns` - APIとバックエンドパターン
---
*[Supabase Agent Skills](Supabase Agent Skills (credit: Supabase team))MITライセンス)に基づく*