# Kthena

[**Kthena**](https://github.com/volcano-sh/kthena) is a Kubernetes-native LLM inference platform that transforms how organizations deploy and manage Large Language Models in production. Built with declarative model lifecycle management and intelligent request routing, it provides high performance and enterprise-grade scalability for LLM inference workloads.

This guide shows how to deploy a production-grade, **multi-node vLLM** service on Kubernetes.

We’ll:

- Install the required components (Kthena + Volcano).
- Deploy a multi-node vLLM model via Kthena’s `ModelServing` CR.
- Validate the deployment.

---

## 1. Prerequisites

You need:

- A Kubernetes cluster with **GPU nodes**.
- `kubectl` access with cluster-admin or equivalent permissions.
- **Volcano** installed for gang scheduling.
- **Kthena** installed with the `ModelServing` CRD available.
- A valid **Hugging Face token** if loading models from Hugging Face Hub.

### 1.1 Install Volcano

```bash
helm repo add volcano-sh https://volcano-sh.github.io/helm-charts
helm repo update
helm install volcano volcano-sh/volcano -n volcano-system --create-namespace
```

This provides the gang-scheduling and network topology features used by Kthena.

### 1.2 Install Kthena

```bash
helm install kthena oci://ghcr.io/volcano-sh/charts/kthena --version v0.1.0 --namespace kthena-system --create-namespace
```

- The `kthena-system` namespace is created.
- Kthena controllers and CRDs, including `ModelServing`, are installed and healthy.

Validate:

```bash
kubectl get crd | grep modelserving
```

You should see:

```text
modelservings.workload.serving.volcano.sh   ...
```

---

## 2. The Multi-Node vLLM `ModelServing` Example

Kthena provides an example manifest to deploy a **multi-node vLLM cluster running Llama**. Conceptually this is equivalent to the vLLM production stack Helm deployment, but expressed with `ModelServing`.

A simplified version of the example (`llama-multinode`) looks like:

- `spec.replicas: 1` – one `ServingGroup` (one logical model deployment).
- `roles`:
    - `entryTemplate` – defines **leader** pods that run:
        - vLLM’s **multi-node cluster bootstrap script**.
        - vLLM **OpenAI-compatible API server**.
    - `workerTemplate` – defines **worker** pods to join the leader’s Ray cluster (Ray backend) or to join same distributed process group (multiprocessing backend).

Key points from the example YAML:

Image: `vllm/vllm-openai:latest` (matches upstream vLLM images).
Commands:

??? code "Yaml"
    === "Multiprocessing (default)"
        Leader:

        ```yaml
        command:
          - sh
          - -c
          - >
            vllm serve meta-llama/Llama-3.1-405B-Instruct
              --tensor-parallel-size 8
              --pipeline-parallel-size 2
              --nnodes=2
              --node-rank=0
              --master-addr=$(ENTRY_ADDRESS)
              --port 8080
        ```

        Worker:

        ```yaml
        command:
          - sh
          - -c
          - >
            vllm serve meta-llama/Llama-3.1-405B-Instruct
              --tensor-parallel-size 8
              --pipeline-parallel-size 2
              --nnodes=2
              --node-rank=1
              --master-addr=$(ENTRY_ADDRESS)
              --headless
        ```

    === "Ray"
        Leader:

        ```yaml
        command:
          - sh
          - -c
          - >
            bash /vllm-workspace/examples/ray_serving/multi-node-serving.sh
            leader --ray_cluster_size=2; python3 -m
            vllm.entrypoints.openai.api_server --port 8080 --model
            meta-llama/Llama-3.1-405B-Instruct --tensor-parallel-size 8
            --pipeline-parallel-size 2
        ```

        Worker:

        ```yaml
        command:
          - sh
          - -c
          - >
            bash /vllm-workspace/examples/ray_serving/multi-node-serving.sh
            worker --ray_address=$(ENTRY_ADDRESS)
        ```

---

## 3. Deploying Multi-Node llama vLLM via Kthena

### 3.1 Prepare the Manifest

**Recommended**: use a Secret instead of a raw env var:

```bash
kubectl create secret generic hf-token \
  -n default \
  --from-literal=HUGGING_FACE_HUB_TOKEN='<your-token>'
```

### 3.2 Apply the `ModelServing`

Save one of the following manifests to `modelserving.yaml`:

??? code "modelserving.yaml"
    === "Multiprocessing (default)"
        ```yaml
        apiVersion: workload.serving.volcano.sh/v1alpha1
        kind: ModelServing
        metadata:
          name: llama-multinode
          namespace: default
        spec:
          schedulerName: volcano
          replicas: 1  # group replicas
          template:
            restartGracePeriodSeconds: 60
            gangPolicy:
              minRoleReplicas:
                405b: 1
            roles:
              - name: 405b
                replicas: 2
                entryTemplate:
                  spec:
                    containers:
                      - name: leader
                        image: vllm/vllm-openai:latest
                        env:
                          - name: HUGGING_FACE_HUB_TOKEN
                            valueFrom:
                              secretKeyRef:
                                name: hf-token
                                key: HUGGING_FACE_HUB_TOKEN
                        command:
                          - sh
                          - -c
                          - "vllm serve meta-llama/Llama-3.1-405B-Instruct --tensor-parallel-size 8 --pipeline-parallel-size 2 --nnodes 2 --node-rank 0 --master-addr $(ENTRY_ADDRESS) --distributed-executor-backend mp --port 8080"
                        resources:
                          limits:
                            nvidia.com/gpu: "8"
                            memory: 1124Gi
                            ephemeral-storage: 800Gi
                          requests:
                            ephemeral-storage: 800Gi
                            cpu: 125
                        ports:
                          - containerPort: 8080
                        readinessProbe:
                          tcpSocket:
                            port: 8080
                          initialDelaySeconds: 15
                          periodSeconds: 10
                        volumeMounts:
                          - mountPath: /dev/shm
                            name: dshm
                    volumes:
                    - name: dshm
                      emptyDir:
                        medium: Memory
                        sizeLimit: 15Gi
                workerReplicas: 1
                workerTemplate:
                  spec:
                    containers:
                      - name: worker
                        image: vllm/vllm-openai:latest
                        command:
                          - sh
                          - -c
                          - "vllm serve meta-llama/Llama-3.1-405B-Instruct --tensor-parallel-size 8 --pipeline-parallel-size 2 --nnodes 2 --node-rank 1 --master-addr $(ENTRY_ADDRESS) --distributed-executor-backend mp --headless"
                        resources:
                          limits:
                            nvidia.com/gpu: "8"
                            memory: 1124Gi
                            ephemeral-storage: 800Gi
                          requests:
                            ephemeral-storage: 800Gi
                            cpu: 125
                        env:
                          - name: HUGGING_FACE_HUB_TOKEN
                            valueFrom:
                              secretKeyRef:
                                name: hf-token
                                key: HUGGING_FACE_HUB_TOKEN
                        volumeMounts:
                          - mountPath: /dev/shm
                            name: dshm
                    volumes:
                    - name: dshm
                      emptyDir:
                        medium: Memory
                        sizeLimit: 15Gi
        ```

    === "Ray"
        ```yaml
        apiVersion: workload.serving.volcano.sh/v1alpha1
        kind: ModelServing
        metadata:
          name: llama-multinode
          namespace: default
        spec:
          schedulerName: volcano
          replicas: 1  # group replicas
          template:
            restartGracePeriodSeconds: 60
            gangPolicy:
              minRoleReplicas:
                405b: 1
            roles:
              - name: 405b
                replicas: 2
                entryTemplate:
                  spec:
                    containers:
                      - name: leader
                        image: vllm/vllm-openai:latest
                        env:
                          - name: HUGGING_FACE_HUB_TOKEN
                            valueFrom:
                              secretKeyRef:
                                name: hf-token
                                key: HUGGING_FACE_HUB_TOKEN
                        command:
                          - sh
                          - -c
                          - "bash /vllm-workspace/examples/ray_serving/multi-node-serving.sh leader --ray_cluster_size=2;
                            vllm serve meta-llama/Llama-3.1-405B-Instruct --port 8080 --tensor-parallel-size 8 --pipeline-parallel-size 2"
                        resources:
                          limits:
                            nvidia.com/gpu: "8"
                            memory: 1124Gi
                            ephemeral-storage: 800Gi
                          requests:
                            ephemeral-storage: 800Gi
                            cpu: 125
                        ports:
                          - containerPort: 8080
                        readinessProbe:
                          tcpSocket:
                            port: 8080
                          initialDelaySeconds: 15
                          periodSeconds: 10
                        volumeMounts:
                          - mountPath: /dev/shm
                            name: dshm
                    volumes:
                    - name: dshm
                      emptyDir:
                        medium: Memory
                        sizeLimit: 15Gi
                workerReplicas: 1
                workerTemplate:
                  spec:
                    containers:
                      - name: worker
                        image: vllm/vllm-openai:latest
                        command:
                          - sh
                          - -c
                          - "bash /vllm-workspace/examples/ray_serving/multi-node-serving.sh worker --ray_address=$(ENTRY_ADDRESS)"
                        resources:
                          limits:
                            nvidia.com/gpu: "8"
                            memory: 1124Gi
                            ephemeral-storage: 800Gi
                          requests:
                            ephemeral-storage: 800Gi
                            cpu: 125
                        env:
                          - name: HUGGING_FACE_HUB_TOKEN
                            valueFrom:
                              secretKeyRef:
                                name: hf-token
                                key: HUGGING_FACE_HUB_TOKEN
                        volumeMounts:
                          - mountPath: /dev/shm
                            name: dshm
                    volumes:
                    - name: dshm
                      emptyDir:
                        medium: Memory
                        sizeLimit: 15Gi
        ```

```bash
kubectl apply -f modelserving.yaml
```

Kthena will:

- Create a `ModelServing` object.
- Derive a `PodGroup` for Volcano gang scheduling.
- Create the leader and worker pods for each `ServingGroup` and `Role`.

---

## 4. Verifying the Deployment

### 4.1 Check ModelServing Status

Use the snippet from the Kthena docs:

```bash
kubectl get modelserving -oyaml | grep status -A 10
```

You should see something like:

```yaml
status:
  availableReplicas: 1
  conditions:
    - type: Available
      status: "True"
      reason: AllGroupsReady
      message: All Serving groups are ready
    - type: Progressing
      status: "False"
      ...
  replicas: 1
  updatedReplicas: 1
```

### 4.2 Check Pods

List pods for your deployment:

```bash
kubectl get pod -owide -l modelserving.volcano.sh/name=llama-multinode
```

Example output (from docs):

```text
NAMESPACE   NAME                          READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE   IP            NODE           ...
default     llama-multinode-0-405b-0-0    1/1     Running   0          15m   10.244.0.56   192.168.5.12   ...
default     llama-multinode-0-405b-0-1    1/1     Running   0          15m   10.244.0.58   192.168.5.43   ...
default     llama-multinode-0-405b-1-0    1/1     Running   0          15m   10.244.0.57   192.168.5.58   ...
default     llama-multinode-0-405b-1-1    1/1     Running   0          15m   10.244.0.53   192.168.5.36   ...
```

Pod name pattern:

- `llama-multinode-<group-idx>-<role-name>-<replica-idx>-<ordinal>`.

The first number indicates `ServingGroup`. The second (`405b`) is the `Role`. The remaining indices identify the pod within the role.

---

## 6. Accessing the vLLM OpenAI-Compatible API

Expose the entry via a Service:

```yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: llama-multinode-openai
  namespace: default
spec:
  selector:
    modelserving.volcano.sh/name: llama-multinode
    modelserving.volcano.sh/entry: "true"
    # optionally further narrow to leader role if you label it
  ports:
    - name: http
      port: 80
      targetPort: 8080
  type: ClusterIP
```

Port-forward from your local machine:

```bash
kubectl port-forward svc/llama-multinode-openai 30080:80 -n default
```

Then:

- List models:

  ```bash
  curl -s http://localhost:30080/v1/models
  ```

- Send a completion request (mirroring vLLM production stack docs):

  ```bash
  curl -X POST http://localhost:30080/v1/completions \
    -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
    -d '{
      "model": "meta-llama/Llama-3.1-405B-Instruct",
      "prompt": "Once upon a time,",
      "max_tokens": 10
    }'
  ```

You should see an OpenAI-style response from vLLM.

---

## 7. Clean Up

To remove the deployment and its resources:

```bash
kubectl delete modelserving llama-multinode -n default
```

If you’re done with the entire stack:

```bash
helm uninstall kthena -n kthena-system   # or your Kthena release name
helm uninstall volcano -n volcano-system
```