---
title: Cloudflare R2
icon: cloud
description: Mount Cloudflare R2 storage as a virtual filesystem.
---
The R2 resource mounts a Cloudflare R2 bucket at some prefix such as
`/r2/`. All operations involve network I/O to the remote object store.
Uses aioboto3 against R2's S3-compatible API.

For credential setup, see [R2 Setup](/home/setup/r2).

## Config

```python
import os

from mirage import MountMode, Workspace
from mirage.resource.r2 import R2Config, R2Resource

config = R2Config(
    bucket=os.environ["R2_BUCKET"],
    account_id=os.environ["R2_ACCOUNT_ID"],
    access_key_id=os.environ["R2_ACCESS_KEY_ID"],
    secret_access_key=os.environ["R2_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY"],
    # Optional:
    # endpoint_url="https://...r2.cloudflarestorage.com",
    # aws_profile="my-profile",
    # region="auto",
    # timeout=30,
    # proxy="http://proxy:8080",
)
resource = R2Resource(config=config)
ws = Workspace({"/r2": resource}, mode=MountMode.READ)
```

`R2Resource(config)` takes an `R2Config` object with the bucket name and
either `account_id` (endpoint is auto-built as
`https://{account_id}.r2.cloudflarestorage.com`) or an explicit
`endpoint_url`. Both `READ` and `WRITE` modes are supported.

## Filesystem Layout

The R2 resource maps object keys to virtual paths under the mount
prefix. R2 "directories" are prefix-based — there are no real directory
objects.

For example, if bucket `my-bucket` contains:

```text
assets/logo.png
assets/style.css
data/export.parquet
data/metrics.csv
```

Then mounting at `/r2/` exposes:

```text
/r2/
  assets/
    logo.png
    style.css
  data/
    export.parquet
    metrics.csv
```

Path mapping: virtual `/r2/assets/logo.png` maps to R2 key
`assets/logo.png`.

## Cache

The R2 resource uses `IndexCacheStore` with `index_ttl = 600`
(10 minutes). Directory listings are cached for up to 600 seconds before
being refreshed from R2. This reduces API calls for repeated directory
traversals.

## Example

```python
import asyncio
import os

from dotenv import load_dotenv

from mirage import MountMode, Workspace
from mirage.resource.r2 import R2Config, R2Resource

load_dotenv(".env.development")

config = R2Config(
    bucket=os.environ["R2_BUCKET"],
    account_id=os.environ["R2_ACCOUNT_ID"],
    access_key_id=os.environ["R2_ACCESS_KEY_ID"],
    secret_access_key=os.environ["R2_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY"],
)

resource = R2Resource(config=config)


async def main() -> None:
    ws = Workspace({"/r2/": resource}, mode=MountMode.READ)

    r = await ws.execute("ls /r2/")
    print(await r.stdout_str())

    r = await ws.execute("cat /r2/data/metrics.csv | head -n 10")
    print(await r.stdout_str())

    r = await ws.execute("tree /r2/")
    print(await r.stdout_str())

    r = await ws.execute("find /r2/ -name '*.csv'")
    print(await r.stdout_str())

    r = await ws.execute("stat /r2/assets/logo.png")
    print(await r.stdout_str())


if __name__ == "__main__":
    asyncio.run(main())
```

## Shell Commands

The R2 resource supports the full set of shell commands since it operates
on real file content (text, binary, JSON, CSV, etc.). Large files benefit
from range reads to avoid downloading entire objects.

### Read Commands

| Command         | Notes                                      |
| --------------- | ------------------------------------------ |
| `cat`           | Read file content                          |
| `head` / `tail` | First/last N lines                         |
| `grep` / `rg`   | Pattern search (file or directory level)   |
| `jq`            | Query JSON fields                          |
| `wc`            | Line/word/byte counts                      |
| `stat`          | File metadata (name, size, type, modified) |
| `find`          | Recursive search with `-name`, `-maxdepth` |
| `tree`          | Directory tree view                        |
| `nl`            | Number lines                               |
| `du`            | Disk usage summary                         |
| `file`          | Detect file type                           |
| `strings`       | Extract printable strings from binary      |
| `xxd`           | Hex dump                                   |
| `md5`           | MD5 checksum                               |
| `sha256sum`     | SHA-256 checksum                           |

### Text Processing

| Command    | Notes                                       |
| ---------- | ------------------------------------------- |
| `awk`      | Pattern scanning and processing             |
| `sed`      | Stream editor                               |
| `tr`       | Translate or delete characters              |
| `sort`     | Sort lines                                  |
| `uniq`     | Remove duplicate lines                      |
| `cut`      | Extract fields/columns                      |
| `join`     | Join lines on a common field                |
| `paste`    | Merge lines side by side                    |
| `column`   | Columnate output                            |
| `fold`     | Wrap lines to a specified width             |
| `expand`   | Convert tabs to spaces                      |
| `unexpand` | Convert spaces to tabs                      |
| `fmt`      | Simple text formatter                       |
| `rev`      | Reverse lines                               |
| `tac`      | Concatenate and print in reverse            |
| `look`     | Display lines beginning with a given string |
| `shuf`     | Shuffle lines                               |
| `tsort`    | Topological sort                            |
| `comm`     | Compare two sorted files                    |
| `cmp`      | Compare two files byte by byte              |
| `diff`     | Compare files line by line                  |
| `patch`    | Apply a diff patch                          |
| `iconv`    | Character encoding conversion               |

### File Operations

| Command  | Notes                                 |
| -------- | ------------------------------------- |
| `cp`     | Copy files                            |
| `mv`     | Move/rename files                     |
| `rm`     | Remove files                          |
| `mkdir`  | Create directories                    |
| `touch`  | Create empty file or update timestamp |
| `ln`     | Create symbolic links                 |
| `tee`    | Write stdin to file and stdout        |
| `mktemp` | Create temporary file                 |
| `split`  | Split file into pieces                |
| `csplit` | Split file by context                 |

### Path Utilities

| Command    | Notes                      |
| ---------- | -------------------------- |
| `basename` | Strip directory from path  |
| `dirname`  | Strip filename from path   |
| `realpath` | Resolve path               |
| `readlink` | Print symbolic link target |
| `ls`       | List directory contents    |

### Compression

| Command  | Notes                 |
| -------- | --------------------- |
| `gzip`   | Compress files        |
| `gunzip` | Decompress gzip files |
| `zip`    | Create zip archives   |
| `unzip`  | Extract zip archives  |
| `tar`    | Archive files         |
| `zcat`   | Cat compressed files  |
| `zgrep`  | Grep compressed files |

### Encoding

| Command  | Notes                |
| -------- | -------------------- |
| `base64` | Base64 encode/decode |

### Data Format Support

Commands with format-specific variants for structured data files:

| Format  | Extension  | Variants                                       |
| ------- | ---------- | ---------------------------------------------- |
| Parquet | `.parquet` | cat, head, tail, wc, stat, cut, grep, ls, file |
| Feather | `.feather` | cat, head, tail, wc, stat, cut, grep, ls, file |
| ORC     | `.orc`     | cat, head, tail, wc, stat, cut, grep, ls, file |
| HDF5    | `.hdf5`    | cat, head, tail, wc, stat, cut, grep, ls, file |

These variants auto-detect the format by extension and convert to
tabular text (CSV) for processing.

## Use Cases

- **AI agents accessing R2 data**: Mount R2 buckets for agents to read and process datasets
- **Data pipelines**: Read and write R2 objects with shell-like commands
- **FUSE mounting**: Expose R2 buckets through a virtual FUSE mount for external tools