chore: import upstream snapshot with attribution

examples/python/ram/ram.py

@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+# ========= Copyright 2026 @ Strukto.AI All Rights Reserved. =========
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+# ========= Copyright 2026 @ Strukto.AI All Rights Reserved. =========
+
+import asyncio
+import copy as _copy
+import os
+import tempfile
+
+from mirage import MountMode, Workspace
+from mirage.resource.ram import RAMResource
+
+resource = RAMResource()
+
+
+async def main() -> None:
+    ws = Workspace({"/data": resource}, mode=MountMode.WRITE)
+
+    print("=== tee (create files) ===")
+    await ws.execute('echo "hello world" | tee /data/hello.txt')
+    await ws.execute(
+        'echo \'{"name": "alice", "age": 30}\' | tee /data/user.json')
+    await ws.execute("mkdir /data/reports")
+    await ws.execute(
+        'echo "revenue,100\\nexpense,80" | tee /data/reports/q1.csv')
+
+    print("=== ls /data/ ===")
+    result = await ws.execute("ls /data/")
+    print(await result.stdout_str())
+
+    print("=== cat /data/hello.txt ===")
+    result = await ws.execute("cat /data/hello.txt")
+    print(await result.stdout_str())
+
+    print("=== head -n 1 /data/reports/q1.csv ===")
+    result = await ws.execute("head -n 1 /data/reports/q1.csv")
+    print(await result.stdout_str())
+
+    print("=== tail -n 1 /data/reports/q1.csv ===")
+    result = await ws.execute("tail -n 1 /data/reports/q1.csv")
+    print(await result.stdout_str())
+
+    print("=== wc /data/hello.txt ===")
+    result = await ws.execute("wc /data/hello.txt")
+    print(await result.stdout_str())
+
+    print("=== stat /data/hello.txt ===")
+    result = await ws.execute("stat /data/hello.txt")
+    print(await result.stdout_str())
+
+    print("=== jq .name /data/user.json ===")
+    result = await ws.execute('jq ".name" /data/user.json')
+    print(await result.stdout_str())
+
+    print("=== nl /data/reports/q1.csv ===")
+    result = await ws.execute("nl /data/reports/q1.csv")
+    print(await result.stdout_str())
+
+    print("=== tree /data/ ===")
+    result = await ws.execute("tree /data/")
+    print(await result.stdout_str())
+
+    print("=== find /data/ -name '*.txt' ===")
+    result = await ws.execute("find /data/ -name '*.txt'")
+    print(await result.stdout_str())
+
+    print("=== grep hello /data/hello.txt ===")
+    result = await ws.execute("grep hello /data/hello.txt")
+    print(await result.stdout_str())
+
+    print("=== rg hello /data/hello.txt ===")
+    result = await ws.execute("rg hello /data/hello.txt")
+    print(await result.stdout_str())
+
+    print("=== basename /data/hello.txt ===")
+    result = await ws.execute("basename /data/hello.txt")
+    print(await result.stdout_str())
+
+    print("=== dirname /data/hello.txt ===")
+    result = await ws.execute("dirname /data/hello.txt")
+    print(await result.stdout_str())
+
+    print("=== realpath /data/hello.txt ===")
+    result = await ws.execute("realpath /data/hello.txt")
+    print(await result.stdout_str())
+
+    print("=== sort /data/reports/q1.csv ===")
+    result = await ws.execute("sort /data/reports/q1.csv")
+    print(await result.stdout_str())
+
+    print("=== tr a-z A-Z < /data/hello.txt ===")
+    result = await ws.execute("cat /data/hello.txt | tr a-z A-Z")
+    print(await result.stdout_str())
+
+    print("=== cp /data/hello.txt /data/hello_copy.txt ===")
+    await ws.execute("cp /data/hello.txt /data/hello_copy.txt")
+    result = await ws.execute("cat /data/hello_copy.txt")
+    print(await result.stdout_str())
+
+    print("=== mv /data/hello_copy.txt /data/renamed.txt ===")
+    await ws.execute("mv /data/hello_copy.txt /data/renamed.txt")
+    result = await ws.execute("ls /data/")
+    print(await result.stdout_str())
+
+    print("=== rm /data/renamed.txt ===")
+    await ws.execute("rm /data/renamed.txt")
+    result = await ws.execute("ls /data/")
+    print(await result.stdout_str())
+
+    print("=== du /data/ ===")
+    result = await ws.execute("du /data/")
+    print(await result.stdout_str())
+
+    print("=== sed ===")
+    result = await ws.execute("cat /data/hello.txt | sed s/hello/goodbye/")
+    print(await result.stdout_str())
+
+    print("=== awk ===")
+    result = await ws.execute("cat /data/reports/q1.csv | awk -F, '{print $1}'"
+                              )
+    print(await result.stdout_str())
+
+    print("=== uniq ===")
+    await ws.execute('echo "a\\na\\nb\\nb\\nc" | tee /data/dup.txt')
+    result = await ws.execute("sort /data/dup.txt | uniq")
+    print(await result.stdout_str())
+
+    print("=== rev ===")
+    result = await ws.execute("cat /data/hello.txt | rev")
+    print(await result.stdout_str())
+
+    print("=== md5 /data/hello.txt ===")
+    result = await ws.execute("md5 /data/hello.txt")
+    print(await result.stdout_str())
+
+    print("=== base64 /data/hello.txt ===")
+    result = await ws.execute("base64 /data/hello.txt")
+    print(await result.stdout_str())
+
+    print("=== not-found errors show the full virtual path ===")
+    for cmd in ("cat /data/missing.txt", "head /data/missing.txt",
+                "stat /data/missing.txt"):
+        result = await ws.execute(cmd)
+        print(f"$ {cmd}")
+        print(f"  exit={result.exit_code}  "
+              f"{(await result.stderr_str()).strip()}")
+
+    print("=== history (last 5) ===")
+    result = await ws.execute("history 5")
+    print(await result.stdout_str())
+
+    print("\n=== /dev (auto-mounted synthetic devices) ===\n")
+    print("=== ls /dev/ ===")
+    result = await ws.execute("ls /dev/")
+    print(await result.stdout_str())
+
+    print("=== wc -c /dev/null ===")
+    result = await ws.execute("wc -c /dev/null")
+    print(await result.stdout_str())
+
+    print("=== wc -c /dev/zero ===")
+    result = await ws.execute("wc -c /dev/zero")
+    print(await result.stdout_str())
+
+    print("=== md5 /dev/zero ===")
+    result = await ws.execute("md5 /dev/zero")
+    print(await result.stdout_str())
+
+    print("=== head -c 8 /dev/zero | xxd ===")
+    result = await ws.execute("head -c 8 /dev/zero | xxd")
+    print(await result.stdout_str())
+
+    # ── provision: dry-run cost estimates (nothing executes) ────────
+    # Read families estimate bytes from stat; pipes/&&/; sum, || takes
+    # a min-max envelope, and writes report UNKNOWN.
+    print("\n=== PROVISION (dry-run cost estimates) ===\n")
+    for cmd in ("cat /data/hello.txt", "sort /data/hello.txt | head -n 1",
+                "head /data/hello.txt || cat /data/hello.txt",
+                "tee /data/out.txt"):
+        plan = await ws.execute(cmd, provision=True)
+        print(f"  {cmd}: net={plan.network_read} ops={plan.read_ops} "
+              f"precision={plan.precision.value}")
+
+    # ── persistence: save / load / copy / deepcopy ──────────────────
+    # RAM has no redacted config: full content is in the snapshot, so
+    # no resources= needed at load time.
+    print("\n=== PERSISTENCE ===\n")
+    with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix=".tar", delete=False) as f:
+        snap = f.name
+    try:
+        await ws.snapshot(snap)
+        print(f"  saved → {snap} ({os.path.getsize(snap)} bytes)")
+
+        loaded = await Workspace.load(snap)
+        r = await loaded.execute("cat /data/hello.txt")
+        print(f"  loaded ws cat: {(await r.stdout_str()).strip()!r}")
+
+        cp = await ws.copy()
+        await cp.execute('echo "mutated" | tee /data/hello.txt')
+        r_orig = await ws.execute("cat /data/hello.txt")
+        r_cp = await cp.execute("cat /data/hello.txt")
+        print(f"  original:  {(await r_orig.stdout_str()).strip()!r}")
+        print(f"  copy:      {(await r_cp.stdout_str()).strip()!r}  "
+              "(local backend → independent)")
+
+        for op_name, op in (("deepcopy", _copy.deepcopy), ("shallow copy",
+                                                           _copy.copy)):
+            try:
+                op(ws)
+                print(f"  ✗ {op_name} should have raised")
+            except NotImplementedError as e:
+                print(f"  ✓ {op_name} raises: {str(e)[:60]}…")
+    finally:
+        os.unlink(snap)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    asyncio.run(main())

examples/python/ram/ram_fuse.py

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+# ========= Copyright 2026 @ Strukto.AI All Rights Reserved. =========
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+# ========= Copyright 2026 @ Strukto.AI All Rights Reserved. =========
+
+import os
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from mirage import Mount, MountMode, Workspace
+from mirage.resource.ram import RAMResource
+
+REPO_ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[3]
+DATA_DIR = REPO_ROOT / "data"
+
+resource = RAMResource()
+store = resource._store
+
+for fpath in sorted(DATA_DIR.iterdir()):
+    if fpath.is_file():
+        key = "/" + fpath.name
+        store.files[key] = fpath.read_bytes()
+        store.dirs.add("/")
+
+print(f"Loaded {len(store.files)} files from {DATA_DIR}")
+for name in sorted(store.files):
+    size = len(store.files[name])
+    print(f"  {name} ({size:,} bytes)")
+
+with Workspace({"/data/": Mount(resource, mode=MountMode.WRITE,
+                                fuse=True)}) as ws:
+    mp = ws.fuse_mountpoint
+
+    print(f"\n=== FUSE MODE: mounted at {mp} ===\n")
+
+    data_path = mp
+
+    print("--- os.listdir() ---")
+    entries = os.listdir(data_path)
+    for e in entries:
+        size = os.path.getsize(f"{data_path}/{e}")
+        print(f"  {e:30s} {size:>10,} bytes")
+
+    print(f"\n>>> FUSE mounted at: {mp}")
+    print(">>> Open another terminal and try:")
+    print(f">>>   ls -la {mp}/")
+    print(f">>>   cat {mp}/example.json")
+    print(f">>>   cat {mp}/example.json | jq .")
+    print(f">>>   cat {mp}/example.parquet")
+    print(">>> Press Enter to unmount and exit...")
+    input()
+
+    records = ws.ops.records
+    total = sum(r.bytes for r in records)
+    print(f"\nStats: {len(records)} ops, {total} bytes transferred")

examples/python/ram/ram_fuse_readonly.py

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+# ========= Copyright 2026 @ Strukto.AI All Rights Reserved. =========
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+# ========= Copyright 2026 @ Strukto.AI All Rights Reserved. =========
+
+import os
+import time
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from mirage import Mount, MountMode, Workspace
+from mirage.resource.ram import RAMResource
+
+REPO_ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[3]
+DATA_DIR = REPO_ROOT / "data"
+
+resource = RAMResource()
+store = resource._store
+
+for fpath in sorted(DATA_DIR.iterdir()):
+    if fpath.is_file():
+        key = "/" + fpath.name
+        store.files[key] = fpath.read_bytes()
+        store.dirs.add("/")
+
+print(f"Seeded {len(store.files)} files from {DATA_DIR}")
+
+with Workspace({"/data/": Mount(resource, fuse=True)},
+               mode=MountMode.READ) as ws:
+    time.sleep(1)
+    mp = ws.fuse_mountpoint
+
+    print(f"\n=== FUSE MODE (READ): mounted at {mp} ===\n")
+
+    data_path = mp
+    entries = sorted(os.listdir(data_path))
+    for e in entries:
+        size = os.path.getsize(f"{data_path}/{e}")
+        print(f"  {e:30s} {size:>10,} bytes")
+
+    existing = entries[0] if entries else "example.json"
+    print(f"\n>>> FUSE mounted READ-ONLY at: {mp}")
+    print(">>> In another terminal: reads ok, writes fail (EACCES).")
+    print(f">>>   cat {data_path}/{existing}             # ok")
+    print(f">>>   echo hi > {data_path}/new.txt         # EACCES (create)")
+    print(
+        f">>>   echo hi > {data_path}/{existing}        # EACCES (overwrite)")
+    print(">>> Press Enter to unmount and exit...")
+    input()
+
+    records = ws.ops.records
+    total = sum(r.bytes for r in records)
+    print(f"\nStats: {len(records)} ops, {total} bytes transferred")

examples/python/ram/ram_python.py

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+# ========= Copyright 2026 @ Strukto.AI All Rights Reserved. =========
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+# ========= Copyright 2026 @ Strukto.AI All Rights Reserved. =========
+
+import asyncio
+
+from mirage import MountMode, Workspace
+from mirage.resource.ram import RAMResource
+
+
+async def main() -> None:
+    ws = Workspace({"/ram": RAMResource()}, mode=MountMode.EXEC)
+
+    print("=== python3 -c (basic) ===")
+    r = await ws.execute('python3 -c "print(42)"')
+    print(f"stdout: {(await r.stdout_str()).strip()}  (expected: 42)")
+
+    print("\n=== python3 -c with argv (flag-conditional) ===")
+    r = await ws.execute(
+        'python3 -c "import sys; print(sys.argv[1:])" alpha beta')
+    print(f"argv after -c: {(await r.stdout_str()).strip()}  "
+          f"(expected: ['alpha', 'beta'])")
+
+    print("\n=== python3 /ram/script.py (abs path → dispatch read) ===")
+    await ws.execute("echo 'print(\"hello from vfs\")' > /ram/h.py")
+    r = await ws.execute("python3 /ram/h.py")
+    print(f"stdout: {(await r.stdout_str()).strip()}  "
+          f"(expected: hello from vfs)")
+
+    print("\n=== python3 /abs/script.py arg1 arg2 (script + argv) ===")
+    await ws.execute("echo 'import sys; print(sys.argv[1:])' > /ram/argv.py")
+    r = await ws.execute("python3 /ram/argv.py one two")
+    print(f"argv after script: {(await r.stdout_str()).strip()}  "
+          f"(expected: ['one', 'two'])")
+
+    print("\n=== python3 bare-name script via cwd ===")
+    r = await ws.execute("cd /ram && python3 h.py")
+    print(f"stdout: {(await r.stdout_str()).strip()}  "
+          f"(expected: hello from vfs)")
+
+    print("\n=== echo code | python3 (stdin) ===")
+    r = await ws.execute('echo "print(7*6)" | python3')
+    print(f"stdout: {(await r.stdout_str()).strip()}  (expected: 42)")
+
+    print("\n=== heredoc ===")
+    r = await ws.execute("python3 <<PYEOF\nprint(1 + 2)\nPYEOF")
+    print(f"stdout: {(await r.stdout_str()).strip()}  (expected: 3)")
+
+    print("\n=== session env passthrough ===")
+    await ws.execute("export GREETING=hello_mirage")
+    r = await ws.execute(
+        "python3 -c \"import os; print(os.environ.get('GREETING','none'))\"")
+    print(
+        f"stdout: {(await r.stdout_str()).strip()}  (expected: hello_mirage)")
+
+    await ws.close()
+
+
+asyncio.run(main())

examples/python/ram/ram_rare.py

@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+# ========= Copyright 2026 @ Strukto.AI All Rights Reserved. =========
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+# ========= Copyright 2026 @ Strukto.AI All Rights Reserved. =========
+
+import asyncio
+
+from mirage import MountMode, Workspace
+from mirage.resource.ram import RAMResource
+
+
+async def run(ws: Workspace, cmd: str) -> None:
+    print(f"\n$ {cmd}")
+    try:
+        result = await ws.execute(cmd)
+        out = (await result.stdout_str()).rstrip()
+        if out:
+            print(out)
+        err = (await result.stderr_str()).rstrip()
+        if err:
+            print(f"stderr: {err}")
+        if result.exit_code != 0:
+            print(f"exit={result.exit_code}")
+    except Exception as e:
+        print(f"threw: {e}")
+
+
+async def main() -> None:
+    resource = RAMResource()
+    ws = Workspace({"/data": resource}, mode=MountMode.WRITE)
+
+    def seed(path: str, data: bytes) -> None:
+        resource._store.files[path] = data
+
+    seed("/dup.txt", b"banana\napple\ncherry\napple\n")
+    seed("/sorted1.txt", b"apple\nbanana\ndate\n")
+    seed("/sorted2.txt", b"banana\ncherry\ndate\n")
+    seed("/tsv.txt", b"a\tb\tc\nfoo\t42\tbar\nhello\t7\tworld\n")
+    seed("/csv.txt", b"1,alpha,x\n2,beta,y\n3,gamma,z\n")
+    seed("/tabs.txt", b"\tfoo\n\t\tbar\n")
+    seed(
+        "/prose.txt",
+        b"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. "
+        b"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. "
+        b"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.\n",
+    )
+    seed("/words.txt", b"apple\nant\nbanana\nberry\ncherry\n")
+    seed("/join_a.txt", b"1 alpha\n2 beta\n3 gamma\n")
+    seed("/join_b.txt", b"1 red\n2 green\n3 blue\n")
+    seed("/deps.txt", b"a b\nb c\nc d\n")
+    seed(
+        "/binary.bin",
+        bytes([
+            0x00, 0x01, 0x68, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x6f, 0x00, 0x02, 0x77, 0x6f,
+            0x72, 0x6c, 0x64, 0x00, 0xff
+        ]),
+    )
+
+    print("━━━ column ━━━")
+    await run(ws, "column -t /data/tsv.txt")
+
+    print("\n━━━ comm (sorted1 vs sorted2) ━━━")
+    await run(ws, "comm /data/sorted1.txt /data/sorted2.txt")
+
+    print("\n━━━ expand / unexpand ━━━")
+    await run(ws, "expand -t 4 /data/tabs.txt")
+    await run(ws, "unexpand -t 4 /data/tsv.txt")
+
+    print("\n━━━ fmt / fold ━━━")
+    await run(ws, "fmt -w 40 /data/prose.txt")
+    await run(ws, "fold -w 20 -s /data/prose.txt")
+
+    print("\n━━━ iconv ━━━")
+    await run(ws, "iconv -f utf-8 -t latin1 /data/sorted1.txt")
+
+    print("\n━━━ join ━━━")
+    await run(ws, "join /data/join_a.txt /data/join_b.txt")
+
+    print("\n━━━ look ━━━")
+    await run(ws, "look ban /data/words.txt")
+    await run(ws, "look app /data/words.txt")
+
+    print("\n━━━ mktemp ━━━")
+    await run(ws, "mktemp -p /data")
+
+    print("\n━━━ shuf / strings ━━━")
+    await run(ws, "shuf /data/dup.txt")
+    await run(ws, "strings -n 4 /data/binary.bin")
+
+    print("\n━━━ tsort ━━━")
+    await run(ws, "tsort /data/deps.txt")
+
+    print("\n━━━ csplit (split on pattern) ━━━")
+    await run(ws, "csplit /data/tsv.txt '/hello/'")
+    await run(ws, "ls /data/")
+
+    print("\n━━━ zip + unzip (roundtrip) ━━━")
+    await run(ws, "zip /data/out.zip /data/sorted1.txt /data/sorted2.txt")
+    await run(ws, "unzip -d /data/extracted /data/out.zip")
+    await run(ws, "ls /data/extracted/")
+    await run(ws, "ls /data/extracted/data/")
+    await run(ws, "cat /data/extracted/data/sorted1.txt")
+
+    print("\n━━━ zgrep (gzip then search) ━━━")
+    await run(ws, "gzip /data/words.txt")
+    await run(ws, "zgrep banana /data/words.txt.gz")
+
+    print("\n━━━ patch (unified diff) ━━━")
+    seed("/orig.txt", b"line1\nline2\nline3\n")
+    seed(
+        "/change.diff",
+        b"--- /orig.txt\n+++ /orig.txt\n"
+        b"@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@\n line1\n-line2\n+LINE2\n line3\n",
+    )
+    await run(ws, "patch -i /data/change.diff")
+    await run(ws, "cat /data/orig.txt")
+
+
+asyncio.run(main())

examples/python/ram/ram_vfs.py

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+# ========= Copyright 2026 @ Strukto.AI All Rights Reserved. =========
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+# ========= Copyright 2026 @ Strukto.AI All Rights Reserved. =========
+
+import asyncio
+import sys
+
+from mirage import MountMode, Workspace
+from mirage.resource.ram import RAMResource
+
+resource = RAMResource()
+
+
+async def main():
+    ws = Workspace({"/data": resource}, mode=MountMode.WRITE)
+
+    await ws.execute('echo "hello world" | tee /data/hello.txt')
+    await ws.execute("mkdir /data/sub")
+    await ws.execute('echo "nested" | tee /data/sub/nested.txt')
+
+    with ws:
+        vos = sys.modules["os"]
+        print("=== VFS MODE ===\n")
+
+        print("--- os.listdir() ---")
+        entries = vos.listdir("/data")
+        for e in entries:
+            print(f"  {e}")
+
+        print("\n--- open() + read ---")
+        with open("/data/hello.txt") as f:
+            print(f"  {f.read().strip()}")
+
+        print("\n--- os.path.exists() ---")
+        print(f"  hello.txt: {vos.path.exists('/data/hello.txt')}")
+        print(f"  nope.txt: {vos.path.exists('/data/nope.txt')}")
+
+        print("\n--- os.path.isdir() ---")
+        print(f"  /data/sub: {vos.path.isdir('/data/sub')}")
+
+        print("\n--- os.listdir() sub ---")
+        for e in vos.listdir("/data/sub"):
+            print(f"  {e}")
+
+        records = ws.ops.records
+        total = sum(r.bytes for r in records)
+        print(f"\nStats: {len(records)} ops, {total} bytes transferred")
+
+
+asyncio.run(main())