chore: import upstream snapshot with attribution

examples/eval-summarization/README.md

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+# eval-summarization (Summarization)
+
+You can run this example with:
+
+```bash
+npx promptfoo@latest init --example eval-summarization
+cd eval-summarization
+```
+
+## Usage
+
+To get started, set your OPENAI_API_KEY environment variable.
+
+Next, edit promptfooconfig.yaml.
+
+Then run:
+
+```bash
+promptfoo eval
+```
+
+Afterwards, you can view the results by running `promptfoo view`

examples/eval-summarization/articles/1.txt

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+Text-Only Version Go To Full Site
+
+NPR > Politics
+
+How the Founding Fathers' concept of 'Minority Rule' is alive and well today
+By Terry Gross
+
+Monday, April 22, 2024 • 1:26 PM EDT
+
+Heard on Fresh Air
+
+It's a fundamental tension in a democracy: How do you have majority rule in a way that also protects minority rights? Journalist Ari Berman says the Founding Fathers struggled with that question back in 1787 — except, for them, white male landowners were the minority in need of protection.
+
+"Most of the founders were skeptical of the public's ability to elect the president directly," Berman says. "So they created this very complicated situation in which electors would elect the president instead of the people electing the president directly."
+
+In his new book, Minority Rule, Berman connects the debates and compromises of the country's founders to contemporary politics. He says the founding fathers created a system that concentrated power in the hands of the elite and that today, institutions like the Electoral College and the Senate — designed as a check against the power of the majority — are having much the same effect.
+
+Berman notes that in the country's first presidential election, in 1789, only a small fraction of the population was eligible to vote — and in certain states, voters were only allowed to vote for electors, not the candidates themselves.
+
+Related Story: A Growing Number Of Critics Raise Alarms About The Electoral College
+Though the right to vote has since been expanded, Berman says the democratic process remains deeply flawed. He points out that in 2000 and again in 2016, the presidential candidate who won the popular vote did not win the electoral vote. Additionally, he says, because the Constitution stipulates that each state gets two senators, regardless of its population, "smaller, whiter, more conservative states have far more power and representation in the Senate then larger, more diverse, more urban states."
+
+Related Story: Electors Across The Country Vote For President: What You Need To Know
+"What we see right now is the same kind of thing, in which a privileged, conservative, white minority is trying to suppress the power of a much more diverse multiracial governing majority," Berman says. "And that's a very dangerous situation for American democracy."
+
+Interview highlights
+On the Constitution as a flawed document
+
+We venerate the Constitution as a civic religion. I think we would be much greater served to look at the Constitution as a whole document and say, there are some remarkable parts of this document, but there's also some really flawed parts of this document that we still haven't corrected. Because the really remarkable thing is that even as America has democratized in the centuries since — and nobody would argue that America isn't more democratic now than it was back then — some features of the Constitution have become more undemocratic.
+
+On the creation of the Electoral College to uphold minority rule
+
+Most of the founders were skeptical of the public's ability to elect the president directly. They felt like the public would be uninformed, or it would be chosen by the largest states, or would be chosen by free states in a way that would hurt the South. So it's interesting, one of the themes that runs through the book and runs through the founding is that these smaller minorities wanted protection. And when I may say smaller minorities, I don't mean minority groups. I mean the small states wanted protection, the slave states wanted protection, and they felt like they would get that protection in the Electoral College. So they created this very complicated situation in which electors would elect the president instead of the people electing the president directly.
+
+On how representatives from Delaware scuffled the initial plan to have Senate representation being based on population
+
+James Madison and other prominent framers wanted the Senate to be based on proportional representation, so they wanted it to be based on population. So larger states like Virginia would have more representation than smaller states like Delaware. But the smaller states rebelled. And there's this amazing moment at the Constitutional Convention where the attorney general of Delaware gets up and he tells the likes of James Madison, if you don't give us the same representation, we're going to find a foreign ally who we're going to join with instead, and we're going to leave the United States of America. And that was a stunning demand. The idea that they would go rejoin England or they would join France instead, if they didn't have the same level of representation, meant that the larger states had no choice but to give in to the demand of the smaller states to ratify the Constitution.
+
+But what Madison worried about is that it would allow what he called a more objectionable minority than ever to control the U.S. Senate, because if the smaller states had the same level of representation as the larger states, that was inevitably going to lead to minority rule. And Madison worried that would get worse as more states join the union. And, of course, that's what's happened today, where the gap between large and small states is dramatically larger than it was back in 1787.
+
+On how the two Senator per state representation affects minority rule
+
+Just to give you one really stunning stat, by 2040, 70% of the population is going to live in 15 states with 30 senators. That means that 30% of the country, which is going to be whiter, more rural, more conservative, is going to elect 70% of the U.S. Senate. So the trend in the U.S. Senate is becoming more imbalanced and more undemocratic. And what's really interesting to me is a lot of conservatives want to go back and they want to quote the framers, but they ignore that a lot of the framers, including James Madison, the architect of the Constitution, had grave concerns about some of the institutions they were creating, particularly the structure of the U.S. Senate.
+
+Lauren Krenzel and Joel Wolfram produced and edited this interview for broadcast. Bridget Bentz, Molly Seavy-Nesper and Meghan Sullivan adapted it for the web.
+
+Transcript
+TERRY GROSS, HOST:
+
+This is FRESH AIR. I'm Terry Gross. Minority rule is threatening American democracy, writes my guest Ari Berman. To understand the fight today, he says, you need to understand the long-standing clash between competing notions of majority rule and minority rights. That clash goes back to the Founding Fathers, who tried to temper what they feared were the extremes of majority rule by creating institutions like the Electoral College, which prevented the direct election of a president, and the Senate, which gave equal representation to states with large populations and those with small ones. The Founding Fathers also reached compromises to give the South a disproportionate say so that they could ratify the Constitution while remaining slaveholders. Berman's new book, "Minority Rule", connects the debates of the Founding Fathers and the resolutions they came up with to contemporary politics and issues, like partisan gerrymandering, voting rights restrictions, and anti-immigration policies. Berman has been covering voting rights issues for many years and is the author of an earlier book called "Give Us The Ballot: The Modern Struggle For Voting Rights In America". He's the voting rights correspondent for Mother Jones. Ari Berman, welcome back to FRESH AIR.
+
+ARI BERMAN: Hi, Terry. Thank you so much for having me back.
+
+GROSS: My pleasure. So minority versus majority rule is complicated. I want to say I'm in favor of majority rule, but what about periods when the majority is racist or homophobic or patriarchal? Do you want that majority suppressing the rights of the minority? So it's kind of more complicated than it seems. Would you agree?
+
+BERMAN: It is. And it's a fundamental tension in a democracy, which is, how do you protect majority rule, but do so in the way that the majority protects minority rights? And that's something that the Founding Fathers struggled with 230 years ago, which is, how do you balance protections for different minorities with the idea that majority should rule? Now, the interesting thing is, is that when we think of the protection of minority rights, we think of vulnerable minority groups, right? Previously disenfranchised communities, for example, are those that have been persecuted in the past. What the Founding Fathers were concerned about was a privileged minority group - themselves, basically, white male landowners who were a distinct minority within the country, but they wanted to protect them. And what we see right now is the same kind of thing in which a privileged, conservative white minority is trying to suppress the power of a much more diverse, multiracial governing majority. And that's a very dangerous situation for American democracy.
+
+GROSS: As an example of minority rule today, you talk about the Supreme Court and the conservative justices on it and how they were appointed. Can you run through that for us?
+
+BERMAN: So for the first time in American history, 5 of 6 conservative justices on the Supreme Court were appointed by presidents who lost the popular vote initially and confirmed by senators representing a minority of Americans. So the Supreme Court is a product of minority rule, and it's a product of two skewed institutions - how we elect our presidents through the electoral college and how we appoint U.S. senators, both of which are flawed because they both violate one person, one vote. In the electoral college, we have a ticking time bomb in which a candidate can win the popular vote, but lose the electoral college. And in the Senate, we have a situation in which smaller, more conservative, wider states have dramatically more representation than larger, more diverse, more urban states. And so the Supreme Court is a product of minority rule, and then it, of course, has issued very radical decisions in recent years on things like abortion rights, gun control, voting rights that are at odds with the majority of public opinion. So we have a Supreme Court that is a product of minority rule that is then issuing decisions that deepen minority rule within the United States.
+
+GROSS: And the two presidents you're referring to who did not win the popular vote were George W. Bush and President Trump.
+
+BERMAN: Yes. And those two presidents, George W. Bush and Donald Trump appointed 5 of 6 conservative justices on the Supreme Court - so a majority of the Supreme Court. And what we see is a decadeslong strategy by the Republican Party to use the courts to try to do unpopular things. And of course, they used very bare-knuckled tactics to get that majority on the Supreme Court, including blocking Barack Obama from filling an open seat on the Supreme Court eight months before the election, and then appointing Amy Coney Barrett to the Supreme Court just weeks before the election. So the Supreme Court really has been the epicenter of the Republican Party's drive for minority rule.
+
+GROSS: Let's go back to the beginning. Some of the Founding Fathers wanted to curb the excesses of democracy. What did they see as a threat?
+
+BERMAN: They were skeptical of democracy both on the historical notion of democracy at the time, which was direct democracy in ancient Greece and places like that, which they thought had led to mob rule. But they were more concerned with America after 1776, when there were these quite Democratic for the time state legislatures that were elected after the Declaration of Independence when new state constitutions were granted. And those state legislatures had a lot of power. Legislators were elected annually, for example. They were very responsive to public demands. And the federal government, in terms of the Continental Congress, had very little power. It could not raise its own revenue, for example. And what happened was the states were passing populist policies that the Framers didn't like.
+
+And there was a big economic crisis in the 1780s. And what happened is states began to do things like debt relief and tax relief that benefited impoverished farmers, for example, but hurt wealthier Americans by leading to inflation. And basically, the Framers felt like there was an excess of democracy, in the states that were leading the country to the brink of collapse. And that what they needed to do was they needed to create a strong central government and a strong central government that would not only restrain the power of the states, but restrain the power of democracy more broadly. So instead of decisions being made by politicians who are influenced by the masses, decisions would be made by these elite white men that had a greater perspective and the greater public good at heart.
+
+GROSS: Here's something John Adams said that you quote in your book. If a majority were to control all branches of the government, debts would be abolished first, taxes laid heavy on the rich and not at all on the others, and at last, a downright equal vision of everything would be demanded and voted. I was surprised to read that.
+
+BERMAN: A pretty remarkable quote, right? I was surprised to read a lot of these things, too, because the Founding Fathers, as much as we worship them, we're very honest that they were worried about protecting people like themselves and that if we had pure democracy or a broader representative democracy, there would be these demands for things like equality, which the Founding Fathers didn't really favor. They wanted to make sure that the government, first and foremost, protected people like them.
+
+GROSS: The Founding Fathers limited who could vote. What - would you describe the limitations?
+
+BERMAN: Many states restricted voting rights to white male property owners, which meant that poorer whites couldn't vote. Of course, women couldn't vote. African Americans couldn't vote. Native Americans weren't even considered citizens of the United States. So a majority of the country was excluded from voting at the time of the founding and after.
+
+GROSS: So there were restrictions on who could vote. And you couldn't vote for all of the people in the institutions of government. The president was voted on through the electoral college - like, you voted for the electors who then voted for the president. And that worked a little differently than it does today. Would you describe, first of all, why the electoral college was created?
+
+BERMAN: Yeah. And it wasn't even that you voted for the electoral college. In most states, the state's legislatures just picked the elector, so the public had no say in terms of who the electors were. But basically, the Founders were...
+
+GROSS: Wait, so who did you vote for?
+
+BERMAN: You voted for - I mean, a lot of people just didn't vote at all. That's the thing, is that in the first election in which George Washington was elected, only 6% of Americans were eligible to vote. So most people just didn't vote at all. And then in certain states, you were allowed to vote for the electors. But basically, what happens is states nominated the electors and then the electors chose the president with very little input from the voters on who the electors were, or who the president would be.
+
+GROSS: And why did the Founding Fathers want the electoral college as opposed to a direct vote?
+
+BERMAN: Most of the Founders were skeptical of the public's ability to elect the president directly. They felt like the public would be uninformed, or it would be chosen by the largest states or it would be chosen by free states in a way that would hurt the South. One of the themes that runs through the book and runs through the founding is that these smaller minorities wanted protection. And when I may say smaller minorities, I don't mean minority groups. I mean the small states wanted protection. The slave states wanted protection. And they felt like they would get that protection in the electoral college. So they created this very complicated situation in which electors would elect the president instead of the people electing the president directly.
+
+GROSS: Let's talk about the Senate. The Senate was created to counteract some of the democracy of the House. Can you explain the debate over what the Senate should be and how the people in it should be chosen?
+
+BERMAN: First off, senators were nominated by state legislatures and chosen by the lower House. So senators were not directly elected by the people, and there was basically unanimity among the Founders for that. But there were debates over who senators should represent. James Madison and other prominent Framers wanted the Senate to be based on proportional representation. So they wanted it to be based on population. So larger states like Virginia would have more representation than smaller states like Delaware. But the smaller states rebelled. And there's an amazing moment at the Constitutional Convention where the attorney general of Delaware gets up, and he tells the likes of James Madison, the architect of the Constitution, If you don't give us the same representation, we're going to find a foreign ally who we're going to join with instead, and we're going to leave the United States of America. And that was a stunning demand. The idea that they would go rejoin England or they would join France instead if they didn't have the same level of representation.
+
+It meant that the larger states had no choice but to give in to the demand of the smaller states to ratify the Constitution. But what Madison worried about is that it would allow what he called a more objectionable minority than ever to control the U.S. Senate, because if the smaller states had the same level of representation as the larger states, that was inevitably going to lead to minority rule. And Madison worried that would get worse as more states joined the union. And of course, that's what's happened today, where the gap between large and small states is dramatically larger than it was back in 1787.
+
+GROSS: You make a comparison in the book - at the time of the Constitutional Convention, Virginia had 12 times as many people as Delaware. Today, California has 68 times the population of Wyoming, but California and Wyoming both have two representatives in the Senate.
+
+BERMAN: Yeah, and what that means is that smaller, wider, more conservative states have far more power and representation in the Senate than larger, more diverse, more urban states. And that imbalance is getting worse. So just to give you one really stunning stat, by 2040, 70% of the population is going to live in 15 states with 30 senators. That means that 30% of the country, which is going to be wider, more rural, more conservative, is going to elect 70% of the U.S. Senate. So the trend in the U.S. Senate is becoming more imbalanced and more undemocratic. And what's really interesting to me is a lot of conservatives want to go back, and they want to quote the Framers. But they ignore that a lot of the Framers, including James Madison, had grave concerns about some of the institutions they were creating, particularly the structure of the U.S. Senate.
+
+GROSS: Well, let's take a short break, and then we'll talk some more. If you're just joining me, my guest is journalist Ari Berman. His new book is called "Minority Rule." We'll be right back. This is FRESH AIR.
+
+(SOUNDBITE OF FLORATONE'S "FRONTIERS")
+
+GROSS: This is FRESH AIR. Let's get back to my interview with Ari Berman, author of the new book "Minority Rule." He is the voting rights correspondent for Mother Jones and has written about voting rights for years.
+
+One of the more bizarre and offensive compromises that the Founding Fathers made was the three-fifths clause. And I know a lot of people know what that is, but I'm going to ask you to explain it.
+
+BERMAN: What it meant was that when it came to representation in the House of Representatives, slaves, who obviously were disenfranchised, were counted as three-fifths of a person, which dated back to how Southern states were taxed in the 1780s. And this was a huge benefit to Southern states because what they were doing was they were disenfranchising African Americans, but then they were getting more representation because of that disenfranchised enslaved population. So they didn't have to actually extend any rights to Black people. But by virtue of having them as slaves, they gained a third more representation than they would have had if slaves weren't counted at all in terms of the representation. So it was a huge benefit to the Southern states, and it was honestly, in many ways, an incentive for them to continue slavery because they could continue this horrible institution, but they could benefit in terms of the representation they were receiving. It's one of the ugliest compromises. And again, I hesitate to use the word compromise because this was another concession. It's one of the ugliest parts of the original Constitution, as we know it, in 1787.
+
+And what it did is it protected the power of the slave states all across the federal government. So 10 of the 12 U.S. Presidents are slaveholders. Nearly every speaker of the House from the beginning of the country until the Civil War is a slaveholder. Eighteen of the first 31 Supreme Court justices are slaveholders. That meant that slave states had the power to basically control the federal government, and they were rewarded for continuing the ugliest of American institutions.
+
+GROSS: I don't know how closely you've been following what's happening in the schools in some states where there are restrictions on what is being described as critical race theory. I'm wondering if you could teach a class using the language that you just used or the descriptions you just used to describe the three-fifths clause...
+
+BERMAN: I mean, if we...
+
+GROSS: ...If there are places where you wouldn't be allowed to do that now.
+
+BERMAN: This is why the effort to censor history, which I write about in the book and I call the gerrymandering of history, is so dangerous because these things happened. These things happened whether we like it or not. It's not woke to say that there was slavery in America. It's not woke to say that there was Jim Crow in America. It's not woke to say that there was a three-fifths clause in America. These things happened. And we have to learn from this history and be honest about the country's racist past if we're going to cure the inequities of racism going forward.
+
+GROSS: And also, that the Constitution was filled with compromises. It's in some respects an imperfect document. And I think in schools, it's often taught as a perfect document.
+
+BERMAN: Exactly. We venerate the Constitution as a civic religion. I think we would be much greater served to look at the Constitution as a whole document and say there's some remarkable parts of this document, but there's also some really flawed parts of this document that we still haven't corrected. Because the really remarkable thing is that even as America has democratized in the centuries since - and nobody would argue that America isn't more democratic now than it was back then - some features of the Constitution have become more undemocratic. So things like a president winning the popular vote but losing the electoral college, or senators representing a minority of Americans but holding a majority in the body, those things have become more routine now than they were back in the 1780s. And in that case, the Constitution is more undemocratic now than it was even at the time of the founding.
+
+GROSS: So you use the state of Wisconsin as a case study in how disconnected, like, the people's elected representatives could be from the people themselves. And it's largely because, you say, of court rulings legalizing gerrymandering, voter suppression, dark money. So let's look at Wisconsin and some of the things that have gone on there.
+
+In 2011, the Republicans were in control of the state's redistricting process for the first time since the late '50s. So they got to redraw the map that designates who votes for which representatives in Congress and in the state legislature. They redrew the map in secret with the help of their law firm. What was unusual about how they redrew the map?
+
+BERMAN: What was unusual is that redistricting maps had always been drawn at the legislature through a public process. What Republicans did is they went across the street to a Republican-allied law firm. They drew the maps in secret. They made Republican legislators sign confidentiality agreements to not discuss them. They hired Republican consultants, as opposed to legislative staff, to draw these maps. No legislators saw their districts ahead of time. No Democrats saw the maps at all until they were introduced.
+
+And so Republicans used the map-drawing process to then put in place these heavily gerrymandered districts that would ensure Republican control for a decade and beyond. And Wisconsin is such an interesting case study because it became the laboratory for how Republicans would curb democracy more broadly at the state level, and how they would rig political institutions to benefit a conservative white minority as opposed to a broader majority.
+
+And this became the focal point of the Republican Party strategy after the 2010 election where they took over all of these key states. And they tried to use that to counteract the power that Democrats had at the federal level after the election of Barack Obama. And Wisconsin became the case study of how they could take control of all of these major institutions, and gerrymandering was one of the anti-democratic tactics they used to enshrine their power.
+
+GROSS: Well, let's take another break here. If you're just joining us, my guest is Ari Berman. He's the voting rights correspondent from Mother Jones and has written about voting rights for many years. His new book is called "Minority Rule." We'll be right back after a short break. I'm Terry Gross, and this is FRESH AIR.
+
+(SOUNDBITE OF HERLIN RILEY'S "RUSH HOUR")
+
+GROSS: This is FRESH AIR, I'm Terry Gross.
+
+This is FRESH AIR. I am Terry Gross. Let's get back to my interview with Ari Berman, author of the new book "Minority Rule." He writes that the Founding Fathers created political institutions within a system that concentrated power in the hands of an elite, propertied, white male minority. His book describes the Founding Fathers' debates and compromises and how those are reflected in versions of minority rule today and the ongoing debate between minority and majority rule. Ari Berman is the voting rights correspondent for Mother Jones. When we left off, we were talking about how the electoral maps were redrawn in Wisconsin after Republicans took control of the Wisconsin state legislature in 2011 and then were in charge of the redistricting process. The new maps ensured Republican victories in state elections for at least a decade.
+
+How did the Republicans in Wisconsin use their power after gerrymandering the state?
+
+BERMAN: They really went after Democratic power and Democratic constituencies at all levels. And that's why I say it became a laboratory for oligarchy more broadly. They went after labor unions, who were the biggest supporter of the Democratic Party in progressive causes, by taking away collective bargaining rights for public sector unions like teachers. This was, of course, incredibly controversial, led to massive protests at the state legislature, but they nonetheless succeeded. They passed new laws to make it harder for Democratic constituencies to vote, new ID requirements, cutting early voting, things like that.
+
+So they infused a tremendous amount of dark money into races like the state Supreme Court because judges are elected in Wisconsin, and so they were able to win a majority in the state Supreme Court by funneling all of this dark money to candidates. And then, of course, that state Supreme Court then upheld policies like voter suppression, gerrymandering, union busting. So it was a takeover at all levels of government. And what was so notable about Wisconsin is Wisconsin was a state that was known for good government. It was known as a state for landmark reforms. It was a place that passed the first policies that led to Social Security, to unemployment insurance, to collective bargaining rights for unions. And it went from a state that was known for good government to a state in which it seemed like Republicans were rigging every level of government to benefit themselves. And that was a major change not just in the politics of Wisconsin, but in the broader culture of Wisconsin and one that had national ramifications as well.
+
+GROSS: What are some of the other states that followed the path that Wisconsin took?
+
+BERMAN: There's so many states - Ohio, Florida, North Carolina. What we saw is after the 2010 election, which is a real pivotal turning point in the direction of American politics, Republicans replicated these strategies in swing state after swing state. They passed new laws, making it harder to vote. They passed new gerrymandered maps. They went after unions. And this radicalized the Republican Party even before Donald Trump. And what I argue in the book is that the radicalization of the Republican Party at the state level in places like Wisconsin laid the groundwork for an authoritarian figure like Donald Trump to emerge. Trump wouldn't have been able to emerge in the Republican Party if the Republican Party hadn't already radicalized against democracy before Trump came on the scene.
+
+GROSS: So if Wisconsin was a laboratory for Republicans in how to build a Republican-controlled state, what's happening in Wisconsin now?
+
+BERMAN: Well, the fascinating thing is that the laboratory for autocracy in Wisconsin is once again becoming a laboratory for democracy, meaning that the Republican foundation has largely fallen apart in Wisconsin, and state politics has shifted dramatically - because what we saw is that the Republican drive for power in Wisconsin produced a fierce backlash among the voters and led them to organize in other ways.
+
+So Wisconsin has a Democratic governor right now, and more significantly, there is now a progressive majority on the state Supreme Court in Wisconsin. And that progressive majority on the state Supreme Court struck down the gerrymandered maps that were key to Republicans retaining power in Wisconsin. And the Democratic governor and Republican legislature in Wisconsin actually reached an agreement on fairer maps where the Republican legislature passed the governor's proposal for maps in Wisconsin so that in 2024, for the first time in a decade and a half, there will be competitive elections at the state level in Wisconsin, and the legislature is up for grabs.
+
+So one of - the story I try to tell in my book over the long haul is that there's been this push and pull between antidemocratic and democratic forces. And at times, the antidemocratic forces have succeeded and at times the pro-democratic forces have succeeded. And Wisconsin shows that push and pull. And after a decade of the antidemocratic forces succeeding in Wisconsin, the pro-democracy forces have seen a lot of success recently by organizing at the state level. And I think that's a theme not just in Wisconsin, but in other key battleground states like Michigan and Pennsylvania as well.
+
+GROSS: You devote a whole chapter of your book to Pat Buchanan, who was very conservative. He was an aide to Richard Nixon. And he ran several times for president, twice as a Republican primary candidate. That was in '92 and '96. And in 2000, the year of the contested election between Bush and Gore, he ran in the election as an independent on the Reform Party ticket. So where does Pat Buchanan fit into your theme of minority rule?
+
+BERMAN: Pat Buchanan is an extremely influential figure in the drive for minority rule. He is the first major presidential candidate to mix antipathy towards the civil rights movement of the 1960s with opposition to broad immigration in the '80s and '90s and basically makes opposition to demographic change the centerpiece of his presidential campaigns in the 1990s. And what Buchanan is arguing is that what he calls the emerging white minority needs to be protected. And that's why he's basically the godfather of the modern-day push for minority rule on the right, because the 1990 census is the first to predict that whites will one day be a minority in the country. And Buchanan is the first major presidential candidate to make a big deal about this and say, the more diverse the country becomes, the more Democratic - big-D Democratic - it will become. And therefore, we need to lead a counter revolution against the changing demographics of the country before it's too late. And Donald Trump largely adopts that as his platform in 2016, 2020 and now in 2024.
+
+GROSS: And in terms of Buchanan being a blueprint for Trump, Buchanan's campaign slogan was make America first again, which he borrowed from Reagan's campaign slogan, let's make America great again. So you put those two together and you have make America great again. So I wonder if Trump realizes how much he borrowed from Buchanan or if some of this is filtered through Stephen Miller or somebody else. What do you think? Do you know?
+
+BERMAN: I think it's a little bit of both. I think some of it is filtered, but Trump has endorsed Buchanan's ideas. In January 2019, Buchanan writes a column endorsing Trump's plan to build a wall along the U.S.-Mexico border, which was an idea that Buchanan first had proposed in 1992. And Trump tweets that column by Buchanan to his 58 million Twitter followers. So there was a clear linkage between Trump and Buchanan. And you can see how the Republican Party has moved to the right because there's this actually fascinating story in which Trump is, in 1999, flirting with running for the Reform Party nomination. And Buchanan is running for that nomination. And Trump goes on "Meet The Press" and says about Buchanan, he's a Hitler lover. He doesn't like the Blacks. He doesn't like the gays. How could anyone vote for this guy?
+
+And then just a few years later, Trump is running on Buchanan's America First policies. He's talking about restricting immigration. He's talking about building a wall among the U.S.-Mexico border. He's talking about preventing children who were born in the U.S. to undocumented parents from becoming U.S. citizens. These are all things that Buchanan first laid out in the '90s that were extremely controversial at the time. And in fact, Buchanan was pushed out of the Republican Party because his ideas were so extreme, and because his views on demographic change and immigration were widely viewed to be racist. But then Trump takes the, quote-unquote, "America First" policy platform of Buchanan, and he markets it to a much broader audience.
+
+GROSS: Another way that I think Buchanan foreshadowed the Republican Party's platform and strategy was it was Buchanan who came up with the expression cultural wars that became culture wars. But he used culture war issues to try to get votes. Can you talk about his version of culture wars?
+
+BERMAN: So Buchanan gives this famous speech, this keynote speech of the 1992 Presidential Convention nominating George H. W. Bush, and he talks about a cultural war for the soul of America. And he denounces things like homosexuality and abortion. But he goes further in a lot of his campaign speeches, and he talks about protecting Judeo Christian values and says, the values of white Christian America are under siege. And he basically says that we're in a cultural war where people are trying to erase the vision of the Founders, which was to create a white Christian country.
+
+And this is something that has become another major theme on the right. Because efforts to censor history, to erase history, to claim that white Christian America is somehow under siege - this dates back to Buchanan as well. And nowadays, Republicans in many ways are fighting the very type of culture war to defend a besieged White America that Buchanan wanted the Republican Party to embrace fully in the 1990s.
+
+GROSS: Well, let's take another short break here. If you're just joining us, my guest is Ari Berman. He's the voting rights correspondent from Mother Jones, and author of the new book "Minority Rule." We'll be right back. This is FRESH AIR.
+
+(SOUNDBITE OF GAIA WILMER'S "MIGRATIONS")
+
+GROSS: This is FRESH AIR. Let's get back to my interview with Ari Berman. He's been writing about voting rights for years, and now he's the author of the new book "Minority Rule.".
+
+You know, we've been talking about minority rule and how minority rule is really often now a way of standing up for the elites and suppressing the rights of the minorities. It's interesting how minority rule has kind of become a problem within the Republican Party itself. And I'm thinking here of, like, what's happening in the House of Representatives. You know, Kevin McCarthy went down, and he was voted out by a majority of the Republicans, but the movement to vote him out started from a minority. And now look at Marjorie Taylor Greene and how much power she has in the Republican Party and how she's always like toying with the idea of calling with the ouster of the current House speaker Mike Johnson. I'd like you to talk about that, how minority rule has become a problem within the Republican Party.
+
+BERMAN: Well, I think that the Republican Party has embarked on minority rule to such an extreme degree, that, for example, they let one member of Congress call an election for speaker, which gave an extremely small minority a disproportionate amount of power, and that's led to chaos in the House of Representatives. So minority rule is really cannibalizing the Republican Party. It's making them eat themselves. And all of these anti-Democratic compromises that the Republican Party has made to gain power makes it so that when they're within power, it's very difficult for them to govern effectively because they've given the extreme minority forces within the party so much power to control not just the Republican Party, but the institutions that are supposed to represent the majority of Americans more broadly.
+
+GROSS: Do you think that what started as a minority in the Republican Party on the extreme right has become or is becoming a majority?
+
+BERMAN: Yes. Now you see a majority of Republicans saying things like the 2020 election was stolen, and a majority of Republicans radicalizing democracy more broadly. And so the minority rule faction might have been a minority within the Republican Party in the '90s, for example. But there's no doubt that in Trump's Republican Party, it's a majority, and that minority rule is the overriding goal for the Republican Party today. And the kind of pivotal event in the last few years of American politics, the insurrection at the U.S. Capitol, was the most striking example of how the Republican Party and extreme elements within the Republican Party are going to really unprecedented ends to try to overthrow the will of the majority.
+
+GROSS: What are some of the things you're watching out for now in the presidential campaign? And what are some of your concerns about voting rights in this next election - in the presidential election?
+
+BERMAN: Well, I think that the fight for the foundation of American politics is the biggest story of our time and certainly the biggest story in the 2024 election. And I am looking at how the anti-Democratic forces on the right are regrouping after the insurrection and trying to institutionalize the insurrection through other means and try to have a - essentially authoritarian takeover in 2024 where Donald Trump is both a product of an undemocratic political system, but also an accelerant taking that undemocratic political system in an even more undemocratic direction to where minority rule becomes something that's impossible to reverse. That's my biggest fear about the 2024 election, and then that anti-Democratic movement is playing out in a lot of different ways. One of the major ways it's playing out is all of these new restrictions on voting that were passed after the 2020 election. So Trump loses the fight to overturn the election, but then all of these state legislatures turn around and pass new restrictions on voting to target Democratic constituencies. And those new restrictions on voting in places like Georgia and Florida and North Carolina, they're going to be in effect for the first time in 2024. So I'm watching will people be able to vote in a free and fair election? Will their votes be counted fairly? Will there be an attempt to overturn those votes? And will our institutions become so stretched that if Donald Trump retakes power, it won't resemble the democracy that we've believed that we've had for the last 230 years.
+
+GROSS: I'm having Deja vu, Ari, 'cause I remember talking with you after the Voting Rights Act was gutted. And you were saying this next presidential election - and this was - I guess it was, like, the 2020 election we were talking about? That this would be - that that would be the first election without...
+
+BERMAN: 2016.
+
+GROSS: 2016.
+
+BERMAN: Yeah. Yeah.
+
+GROSS: Yeah. That that would be the first election without the protections of the full Voting Rights Act. And now you're saying, this is going to be an unprecedented election because it'll be the first election with all these new voting restrictions. What are some of the restrictions that you're referring to?
+
+BERMAN: Well, I feel like a bit of a prophet without honor, Terry...
+
+(LAUGHTER)
+
+BERMAN: ...Warning about all these undemocratic things that are occurring, and they just keep getting worse because there's a steady continuum of anti-Democratic tactics and an anti-Democratic movement within the Republican Party. Texas passed a law, for example, that takes over election administration and allows the Republican Secretary of State to oversee the election only in the state's largest blue County, Harris County, Texas, home to Houston. So this is a remarkable thing to pass a law that's only targeting one county in terms of taking over election administration there and taking over the largest and most diverse blue county in the state. That's something that would have previously had to have been approved under the Voting Rights Act, and I think would have been blocked. North Carolina passed a law that took away the power from the Democratic governor to appoint a majority of election board members, which means that those election boards could do things like dramatically cut the number of early voting locations. It also gave the Republican-controlled legislature the power to certify the elections, meaning that if Donald Trump loses the election and Republicans don't like it, the Republican-controlled legislature could make it easier to overturn the popular vote winner of that state. There's new restrictions in places like Georgia that have many different components, making it harder to vote by mail, making it easier to purge people from the voting roles, making it easier to contest election outcomes. So we're seeing restriction upon restriction placed in front of voters in the 2024 election.
+
+And so, first and foremost, I'm looking at, will there be the ability to have fair elections in these states? And then if there are fair elections, will their votes be counted and respected, or will there be a more organized effort to try to overturn the election in 2024 if Trump loses because many of this was seat of their pants in terms of the strategy to overturn the election in 2020. And I think the election denier movement has gotten much stronger, better funded, more effective in terms of using its tactics and trying to institutionalize its tactics and taking over the election process in key states and key counties going forward.
+
+GROSS: If you're just joining me, my guest as journalist Ari Berman, his new book is called Minority Rule. We'll be right back. This is FRESH AIR.
+
+(SOUNDBITE OF BLANCO SONG, "PULL UP")
+
+UNIDENTIFIED PERSON: A.B.
+
+GROSS: This is FRESH AIR. Let's get back to my interview with Ari Berman, author of the new book "Minority Rule." He is the voting rights correspondent for Mother Jones and has written about voting rights for years.
+
+During this interview, you've given us examples from the past and the present about minority rule. And you're saying that if Trump is reelected, he could institutionalize minority rule. What do you mean by that? What are your concerns?
+
+BERMAN: My concern is that Donald Trump could weaponize the power of the federal government on behalf of this elite white minority that he represents. He could purge the federal government of longtime apolitical civil servants. He could invoke the Insurrection Act against his political opponents and those who are opposed to his policies. He could pass federal bans on things like voting rights, new restrictions on voting at a federal level. Some of this Trump could do himself, some of it he'll need enablers in Congress and on the courts. But we've already seen that Congress and the courts have been enablers of Trump's agenda.
+
+So if there were to be a trifecta in Washington of Republican control - if Trump were to have a Republican-controlled Congress and also be the president, if he would have a six-member conservative super majority on the Supreme Court - where would the accountability come from? Where would the checks and balances be at that point? And what I'm warning about in this book is that we already have these undemocratic institutions. And if you layer an anti-democratic movement and an authoritarian leader on top of those undemocratic institutions, it becomes a very volatile situation where the very foundation of American democracy, a government for the people of the people, becomes at risk.
+
+GROSS: So what do you see as the most powerful and successful efforts or potentially successful efforts right now trying to uphold democracy?
+
+BERMAN: The most powerful forces that are upholding democracy right now are at the state level, where a lot of innovative pro-democracy policies are being passed. And in the book, I give the example of Michigan, which after 2010 had a seemingly rigged state government. But through direct democracy using the ballot initiative process, activists were able to put in place policies banning partisan gerrymandering, making it much more easier to vote through policies like automatic and Election Day registration, early voting, no-excuse absentee voting. They combated election subversion. They passed other ballot initiatives to legalize marijuana and to enshrine abortion rights.
+
+And that's an example of how voters themselves use the power they had to expand democracy and other key rights and fight back against a rigged system. So what I'm arguing in the book is that absent major institutional reform on the federal level, the states once again have to become laboratories of democracy and provide a national model that can be exported across the different states to protect key rights and freedoms.
+
+GROSS: Well, Ari Berman, I want to thank you so much for talking with us.
+
+BERMAN: Thank you so much for having me back, Terry.
+
+GROSS: Ari Berman's new book is called "Minority Rule." Tomorrow on FRESH AIR, my guest will be the songwriter, singer, guitarist and three-time Grammy winner known as St. Vincent. In addition to her own albums, she co-wrote the song "Cruel Summer" with Taylor Swift and the song "Obsessed" with Olivia Rodrigo. She recorded an album of duets with David Byrne and fronted Nirvana when they were inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame in 2014. St. Vincent has a new album called "All Born Screaming." I hope you'll join us.
+
+(SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "FLEA")
+
+ST VINCENT: (Singing) I'm just like a hungry little flea jumping on somebody's warm body when you start to itch and scratch and scream. Once I'm in, you can't get rid of me. Once I'm in, you can't get rid of me. Drip you in diamonds...
+
+GROSS: FRESH AIR's executive producer is Danny Miller. Our technical director and engineer is Audrey Bentham. Our interviews and reviews are produced and edited by Amy Salit, Phyllis Myers, Roberta Shorrock, Ann Marie Baldonado, Sam Briger, Lauren Krenzel, Thea Chaloner, Susan Nyakundi and Joel Wolfram. Our digital media producer is Molly Seavy-Nesper. Therese Madden directed today's show. Our co-host is Tonya Mosley. I'm Terry Gross.
+
+(SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "FLEA")
+
+ST VINCENT: (Singing) When you're walking down your sunny street - I got it - thinking of your bills or what to eat. I got it, I, I got it. Then you feel that little prick from me. I got it, I, I got it. I look at you and all I see is meat. Drip you in diamonds, pour you in cream. You will be mine for eternity. I'll bring you China, milk for your tea. You will be mine for eternity.
+
+(SOUNDBITE OF THE POLITICIANS AND MCKINLEY JACKSON'S "FREE YOUR MIND").
+
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+Music
+Contact Us Terms of Use Permissions Privacy Policy
+© NPR

examples/eval-summarization/articles/10.txt

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+Text-Only Version Go To Full Site
+
+NPR > National
+
+Freedom Monument Park tells honest story of enslaved people
+By Kyle Gassiott
+
+Monday, April 22, 2024 • 9:49 AM EDT
+
+Heard on All Things Considered
+
+Bryan Stevenson, executive director of the Equal Justice Initiative, says in the United States the story of enslaved people is not told with real honesty. That's part of the reason he and EJI created and opened the 17-acre Freedom Monument Sculpture Park in Montgomery, Alabama.
+
+The new park is a direct confrontation with slavery and its impact on this country and is EJI's third public space, which includes The Legacy Museum and a memorial for victims of lynching. A walk through the new park is designed to get visitors closer to the experiences of enslaved people in America.
+
+The park is bounded by two monolithic forces that made the slave trade in the United States possible. The Alabama river, which brought over 10,000 Africans captured and trafficked into the state's slave trade, and the railroad.
+
+Stevenson gestures to railcars rolling by the visitor center at the park. "These rail cars that you're hearing, they're on rail tracks that were built by enslaved people because of rail trafficking," Stevenson said. "Montgomery had one of the largest populations of enslaved people in the American South."
+
+Stevenson and the Equal Justice Initiative represent people they say are unfairly convicted in the criminal justice system. They've also created exhibits to educate people about inequities in the system, and now with this park they've opened a dialogue about the history of enslavement in the United States.
+
+Stevenson says museums that address slavery are usually found in old plantation homes that are really about glorifying or romanticizing those who enslaved others.
+
+"We wanted to create a space where the lives of enslaved people could be centered with their perspective, their experiences would direct the narrative and shape the experience," Stevenson explains.
+
+On the first section of the path is a large installation by Ghanian artist Kwama Akoto-Bamfo titled, "We am very cold".
+
+Nine metal figures appear to shiver and brace against the cold, some in chains, one wearing a heavy, spiked punishment collar. Akoto-Bamfo says he uses life-size figures like this to directly address the viewer and to get them thinking.
+
+"We see young Africans, teenagers arrive in a strange world, a strange new world," Akoto-Bamfo explains. "I want you to size them, I want you to see, am I taller than this person? Am I shorter than this person? How can I relate to this person?"
+
+The artist uses visual cues to connect the statues. One woman has a scar on her face. Later, her figure appears again in the park, this time picking cotton in a field.
+
+Another narrative that's told on the path is on various plaques in written form. It's the words of William Wells Brown. He was a historian and novelist, and he was enslaved in the early 19th century along with his mother in Kentucky.
+
+Brown, who worked in the house, writes about waking one morning to hear his mother, who worked in the field, being beaten.
+
+Brown writes in his autobiography, "I heard her voice, and knew it, and jumped out of my bunk, and went to the door. Though the field was some distance from the house, I could hear every crack of the whip, and every groan and cry of my poor mother."
+
+This almost visually graphic ability to write about his experience with enslavement is something historian Ezra Greenspan was drawn to.
+
+"It's one of the broadest perspectives we have on the history of slavery from someone who was writing from within the experience," said Greenspan, who has written a biography of Brown.
+
+The hardship of slavery is also portrayed in the park through other sculptures. There's one of leg chains in the corner of a railroad car, another is a statue of a young boy forced to drag a cotton bag larger than himself through a field.
+
+There are also representations of faith and spirituality. One sculpture is of stacked tambourines painted white, ready to be played at a wedding or in church. The word "love" also appears in prominent places across the park.
+
+This is a deliberate choice by Stevenson.
+
+"I am, more than anything, amazed by the capacity of enslaved people to love in the midst of sorrow, to find something redemptive, to find something genuine and pure and beautiful when you're surrounded by so much ugliness and pain and violence," he said.
+
+Near the end of the path sits a fifty-foot-high golden wall. It's the Monument to Freedom that includes 100 thousand last names. Those last names represent 4.7 million enslaved people set free after emancipation.
+
+Stevenson says behind them are the struggles and commitments and sacrifices of another 6 million who never saw freedom.
+
+"It's a way of just humanizing this community of people who endured so much, who suffered so much and yet gave so much to this country," he said. "This nation wouldn't be what it is without the labor and the sacrifice and the toil and the struggle of enslaved people."
+
+With this new monument park, there's now a physical reminder of the impact slavery had on this country and on the people who lived it.
+
+Topics
+
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+Culture
+Music
+Contact Us Terms of Use Permissions Privacy Policy
+© NPR

examples/eval-summarization/articles/11.txt

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+Text-Only Version Go To Full Site
+
+NPR > Climate
+
+How hot is too hot? New weather forecasting tool can help figure that out
+By Alejandra Borunda
+
+Monday, April 22, 2024 • 8:10 PM EDT
+
+This summer, people across the U.S. will have a new way to keep track of dangerous heat headed their way through a new heat warning system called HeatRisk. The tool, developed by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), will be used by National Weather Service offices across the country to give people an understanding of when heat goes from uncomfortable to dangerous.
+
+HeatRisk incorporates a host of factors that make heat dangerous to human health, beyond just temperature. It considers elements like humidity, which reduces people's ability to cool by sweating, and whether a 90-degree day comes in April versus July — hot weather is more dangerous early in the season before people's bodies have adjusted.
+
+"For the first time, we'll be able to know how hot is too hot for health, and not just today, but for the coming weeks," says Dr. Aaron Bernstein, director of the National Center for Environmental Health and a pediatrician.
+
+Hopefully, he says, the new tool will be easy to understand. It uses a color-coded scale from zero (green) to five (magenta). At zero, the heat conditions are likely not risky for most people. At 2, or yellow, risks are growing for those who are sensitive to heat—like children, or people with medical conditions that make them heat-sensitive. Four, or bright magenta, signals the heat could hurt nearly anyone. That threshold can be crossed when temperatures go above historical highs, or when extreme conditions stretch for several days in a row.
+
+The National Weather Service (NWS) will be able to issue HeatRisk warnings a full week ahead of dangerous heat. Climate change, driven primarily by human burning of fossil fuels, has increased the intensity, duration, and danger of heat waves across North America.
+
+That extra planning time "will be a game-changer," says John Balbus, director of the Office of Climate Change and Health Equity, an office within the Department of Health and Human Services. It will allow crucial extra time for cities to ramp up their emergency response plans and for individuals to think about how to protect themselves, he says.
+
+Why is a heat warning useful?
+
+When it gets hot, people end up in the emergency room—or even die. Last summer, the hottest ever recorded in many parts of the U.S., nearly 120,000 people went to the emergency room for heat-related concerns—nearly twice as many as in the previous two decades, on average.
+
+High temperatures are a major factor, but only part of the puzzle, says Ambarish Vaidyanathan, a researcher at the CDC who helped develop HeatRisk. Humidity matters too: when the air is saturated with water, people still sweat—but sweat droplets can't evaporate, so people can't cool down.
+
+Unusually high overnight temperatures prevent people from getting relief from the heat. People's past exposure to heat matters, too. The body can adjust to high heat up to a point, but that acclimatization takes time. So a 100-degree day in April poses more health risks than the same temperature in July because most people haven't had the time to adjust.
+
+Where people live, and what heat conditions they're used to, also play a role in their vulnerability to heat. "90 degrees in Miami is not the same as 90 degrees in Portland, Maine," says Dr. Mandy Cohen, director of the CDC.
+
+HeatRisk takes all of these factors into account. A town in Michigan, for example, might get a red, or level-3 warning, when the mercury reads 85 degrees Fahrenheit, but a town in Florida with similar conditions might only get a risk warning of yellow, or 1.
+
+Paul Charlton is an emergency medicine physician who works with rural communities in New Mexico. He thinks HeatRisk could be useful to his patients, emergency managers, and clinicians.
+
+"A lot of emergency departments would know how to care for one person that came in with heat stroke," he says. "But a lot of emergency departments would not be as well prepared to take care of ten or 50 or 100 or a thousand people that might be coming in." That could—and did—happen during really extreme heat, like the 2021 heat dome in the Pacific Northwest. Charlton says having a better risk forecast would give people like him invaluable time to plan and prepare for potentially catastrophic heat.
+
+Where did HeatRisk come from?
+
+Scientists at the National Weather Service and the CDC developed the tool. It was conceptualized a decade ago after some local weather bureaus in the western U.S. realized they needed a better way to warn people about upcoming heat waves.
+
+HeatRisk has been tested and refined over the years across the West since its inception in 2013. Now, school systems in California use it to decide when outdoor activities are safe. Maricopa County, which includes the Phoenix metro, has incorporated its use into its heat management plans.
+
+NWS and CDC scientists looked at heat-related deaths around the country and analyzed the weather conditions when people died. That allowed them to find links between people's risk of dying and heat-related factors like temperature, humidity, and how long heatwaves lasted for hundreds of places across the U.S. They used those relationships to predict how different hot-weather conditions will impact people's health in different parts of the country, at different times of year.
+
+In Phoenix, a recent analysis showed that about two-thirds of heat-related deaths happened on red or purple HeatRisk days, says Michael Staudenmaier, chief of science for the NWS's Western Regional Headquarters. But more than 30% of the heat-related deaths occurred in the yellow and orange categories when heat conditions were bad but not anywhere near record-breaking extremes, he says. It shows there is a "wide range of temperatures where heat-related impacts can occur," even in places well-accustomed to it.
+
+It shows that people can be vulnerable to heat illness or even death at levels much lower than they might think, Staudenmaier says.
+
+Topics
+
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+© NPR

examples/eval-summarization/articles/12.txt

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+Text-Only Version Go To Full Site
+
+NPR > Business
+
+Clothing store Express, a mall favorite, has filed for bankruptcy
+By Alina Selyukh
+
+Monday, April 22, 2024 • 3:01 PM EDT
+
+Clothing store Express, a longtime mainstay of American malls, has filed for bankruptcy protection, closing dozens of stores but also eyeing a survival plan that involves getting sold.
+
+At its peak, Express outfitted generations of mall shoppers in slacks and blouses, and even acquired brands Bonobos and UpWest.
+
+But the chain has been losing both shoppers and money, as many malls withered and people changed how they dress for work: less formal, more casual, less cookie-cutter, more attitude. Express — neither high-end, nor cheap — got left behind, dragged down further by rent and debt.
+
+Monday's bankruptcy announcement says the chain will close 95 Express stores, or just under a fifth of them, and all 10 UpWest stores. Last month, the New York Stock Exchange delisted the retailer because of its languishing stock value.
+
+Related Story: No more 'just walk out' at Amazon grocery stores. The new bet is smart shopping carts
+Related Story: Why Macy's is closing 150 department stores
+Related Story: California fast-food workers will get $20 minimum wage, starting Monday
+Now, Express has received a bid to be acquired by a consortium. It includes brand-management firm WHP Global and major mall operators Simon Property Group and Brookfield Properties. The companies in recent years have been investing in more retail brands in need of a resuscitation.
+
+New Express CEO Stewart Glendinning acknowledged "missteps" in clothing selection, "most notably in women's, where we were out of balance across categories, price points and wearing occasions," he told investors in November, adding: "We believe strongly there's a path to total company improvement."
+
+In its bankruptcy filing, Express said it's also receiving an infusion of $35 million in new financing from some of its lenders, plus another $49 million from the Internal Revenue Service related to the CARES Act, the federal coronavirus relief package.
+
+Topics
+
+News
+Culture
+Music
+Contact Us Terms of Use Permissions Privacy Policy
+© NPR

examples/eval-summarization/articles/13.txt

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+Text-Only Version Go To Full Site
+
+NPR > National
+
+With close calls mounting, the FAA will require more rest for air traffic controllers
+By Joel Rose
+
+Monday, April 22, 2024 • 12:58 PM EDT
+
+WASHINGTON — Twice in a week, an airline pilot was forced to abort a takeoff because other jets were entering an active runway.
+
+A pair of incidents last week — one at John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York, the other at Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport — join a growing list of close calls on runways across the country, adding to concerns about aviation safety.
+
+The head of the Federal Aviation Administration acknowledged that the agency must do more to reduce fatigue among air traffic controllers amid an ongoing staffing shortage.
+
+Related Story: A shortage of air traffic controllers is hurting safety, aviation experts warn Senate
+"We need to address that fatigue risk," said FAA administrator Mike Whitaker during a virtual briefing with reporters on Friday.
+
+"Coming into this position, it was pretty clear to me that fatigue was an issue. It's something I heard about at every facility I visited. It was usually one of the first issues I heard about," Whitaker said.
+
+In response, the FAA is increasing the amount of rest time required between shifts to 10 hours, up from nine, and 12 hours of rest before an overnight shift. The changes will take effect in 90 days.
+
+That announcement came as the FAA released a report on air traffic controller fatigue. A three-person panel of fatigue experts recommended the new rest requirements, along with a host of other suggested changes.
+
+But the new policy could have unintended consequences, warns the National Air Traffic Controllers Association.
+
+"NATCA is concerned that with an already understaffed controller workforce, immediate application of the Administrator's new rules may lead to coverage holes in air traffic facilities' schedules," the union said in a statement. "Requiring controllers to work mandatory overtime to fill those holes would increase fatigue and make the new policy nothing more than window dressing."
+
+There are 1,000 fewer certified air traffic controllers working today than a decade ago, according to NATCA. As a result, many air traffic facilities are short-staffed, union president Rich Santa told a Senate subcommittee in November. Mandatory overtime — including six-day workweeks and 10-hour shifts — are routine, he said.
+
+The FAA has been working to address the staffing shortage of air traffic controllers, Whitaker said on Friday.
+
+Related Story: Another Boeing whistleblower says he faced retaliation for reporting 'shortcuts'
+Related Story: A Boeing whistleblower raises fresh concerns about the 787, and the FAA investigates
+"We also know that we're understaffed throughout the population of controllers," Whitaker said. "So we have been doing everything within our power to increase controller hiring. We met our goal last year of 1,500 controllers, and will meet our goal this year of 1,800 controllers. And we're continuing to do everything we can to increase the numbers."
+
+Two close calls on runways last week underscore the strain on the aviation system.
+
+On Wednesday, a tower controller at New York's Kennedy Airport cleared a SWISS Airbus A330 jet for takeoff. At the same time, a ground controller on another frequency cleared four other jets to cross the runway, according to audio from LiveATC.net.
+
+The SWISS jet aborted its takeoff after the pilot saw the other planes on the runway.
+
+There was a similar close call the following day at Reagan National Airport in Virginia. An air traffic controller instructed a Southwest Airlines jet to cross runway 4, while another plane operated by JetBlue Airways was starting its takeoff on the same runway. Both jets eventually arrived at their destinations, and no serious injuries were reported.
+
+The FAA says it is investigating both incidents.
+
+Topics
+
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+Culture
+Music
+Contact Us Terms of Use Permissions Privacy Policy
+© NPR

examples/eval-summarization/articles/14.txt

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+Text-Only Version Go To Full Site
+
+NPR > Business
+
+Tesla cuts its car prices around the world after week of turmoil for the company
+By Huo Jingnan
+
+Sunday, April 21, 2024 • 8:53 PM EDT
+
+Tesla has slashed prices for its electric vehicles in the United States, China and other countries, comparisons of its websites late Friday and over the weekend show.
+
+In the U.S., the company reduced the starting prices of its Model X, Model Y and Model S by $2,000, which is a drop of less than 5% for the most affordable model. Prices for Model 3 and Cybertruck remained the same.
+
+In China, Tesla dropped prices for all of its models on sale there for 14,000 yuan, or just over 5% for the most affordable model. China is Tesla's largest market outside of the United States and accounts for over a fifth of its revenue, according to the company's latest annual report.
+
+The company also lowered the starting prices of most of its cars in Germany. A Tesla spokesperson told the Guardian and Reuters that there were price cuts in many other countries in Europe, the Middle East and Africa.
+
+The news comes as Tesla has delivered fewer cars in the last quarter than the same quarter a year before - something that has not happened in four years. The company is expected to announce its first quarter earnings this coming Tuesday. Previously, its owner Elon Musk has spoken of competition, especially more affordable EVs models made by Chinese companies.
+
+Tesla announced recalls for Cybertruck on Friday due to safety issues related to its accelerator pedal. The electric vehicle manufacturer laid off 10% of its staff on Tuesday. The company's stock price has fallen back to where it was a year ago.
+
+Topics
+
+News
+Culture
+Music
+Contact Us Terms of Use Permissions Privacy Policy
+© NPR

examples/eval-summarization/articles/15.txt

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+Text-Only Version Go To Full Site
+
+NPR > National
+
+Many in Gen Z ditch colleges for trade schools. Meet the 'toolbelt generation'
+By Windsor Johnston
+
+Monday, April 22, 2024 • 5:02 AM EDT
+
+Sy Kirby dreaded the thought of going to college after graduating from high school. He says a four-year degree just wasn't in the cards for him or his bank account.
+
+"I was facing a lot of pressure for a guy that knew for a fact that he wasn't going to college," Kirby says. "I knew I wasn't going to sit in a classroom, especially since I knew I wasn't going to pay for it."
+
+Instead, at the age of 19, Kirby took a job at a local water department in southern Arkansas. He said the position helped him to develop the skills that helped him start his own construction company.
+
+Now at age 32, Kirby finds himself mentoring many of his employees, who also opted to learn a skilled trade rather than shelling out tens of thousands of dollars to pursue a degree that they wouldn't use after graduating.
+
+Kirby says blue-collar work is lucrative and allows him to "call the shots" in his life. But, he says the job also comes with a downside, mainly because of the stigma attached to the industry.
+
+"I think there's a big problem with moms and dads coming home from quote-unquote 'dirty' jobs. Coming home with dirty clothes and sweating. You had a hard day's work and sometimes that's looked down upon," he says.
+
+Related Story: High-paying jobs that don't need a college degree? Thousands of them sit empty
+Kirby is among the growing number of young people who have chosen to swap college for vocational schools that offer paid, on-the-job training.
+
+Skilled trades make a comeback
+Lisa Countryman-Quiroz is the CEO of JVS, or Jewish Vocational Service, a nonprofit in San Francisco that provides career training for unemployed workers to find jobs, including in skilled trades. She says that over the years there has been a shift — with skilled trade making a comeback, especially among members of Generation Z.
+
+"Folks have really prioritized a college education as a path to the middle class and a path to a cushy office job." But, Countryman-Quiroz says, "over the last 10 to 15 years, we are seeing a trend among young people opting out of universities. Just the crushing debt of college is becoming a barrier in and of itself."
+
+More than half of Gen Zers say it's possible to get a well-paying job with only a high school diploma, provided one acquires other skills. That's according to a survey by New America, a Washington Think Tank that focuses on a range of public policy issues, including technology, education and the economy.
+
+Related Story: The driver of the big rig one lane over might soon be one of these teenagers
+The high cost of college prompts a change in career paths
+In addition, the Education Data Initiative says the average cost of college in the United States has more than doubled in the 21st century.
+
+With that price tag increasing, many Gen Zers say they've been left with no choice but to leave the college path. Many say living with their parents until they can pay off their college debt isn't an option.
+
+Related Story: Do I need a four-year degree?
+Nitzan Pelman is founder of Climb Hire, a company that helps kids out of high school pursue skilled trades. She says many young people say graduating from college with a six-figure debt is a non-starter.
+
+"It's not a secret that the cost of college has gone up so dramatically in the last decade that it's really cost prohibitive at this point," she says.
+
+Pelman says pursuing skilled trades can also help "level the playing field," especially for young people from less-privileged backgrounds and for people of color.
+
+Related Story: Construction boom helps fuel job gains in March
+"We don't see a lot of Black men in construction, but more Latino men in construction and you don't see many women in construction. Social capital is a really big gatekeeper and a door-opener for accessing high-quality jobs and helping people break into certain industries," she says.
+
+In 2021, President Biden signed a $1.2 trillion bipartisan infrastructure bill. Since then, he's been traveling the country promoting the law, which he says will open up thousands of new jobs in trades.
+
+Related Story: Comparing college costs to the amount a student expects to earn after graduation
+"You can expect to get your hands dirty and that's OK"
+The high cost of college isn't the only factor driving many young people toward skilled trades. With the use of artificial intelligence on the rise, many Gen Zers see manual labor as less vulnerable to the emerging technology than white-collar alternatives. They also say vocational schools are a straight path to well-paying jobs.
+
+Pelman says increasing salaries and new technologies in fields such as welding, plumbing and machine tooling are giving trade professions a face-lift, making them more appealing to the younger crowd.
+
+"There are a lot of vocational jobs out there that are pretty attractive — HVAC repair and installation, electricians, solar panel installer — there's so much demand for wind turbine installers who, in many cases, make more than $100,000 a year — so there's a lot of demand for manual labor," she stresses.
+
+That was the case for 25-year-old Diego Aguilar, who says a traditional desk job was out of the question for him. Aguilar now works full time at a trade center at East Bay Municipal Utility District in Oakland, Calif., after going through the JVS training program.
+
+"When I went into a trade program I learned how much money I could make performing a very specific kind of work. You need mechanics, you need machinists, you need carpenters, operators you need painters. You can expect to get your hands dirty and that's OK," Aguilar says.
+
+Related Story: Jobs Friday: Why apprenticeships could make a comeback
+Data from the National Student Clearinghouse Research Center shows the number of students enrolled in vocational-focused community colleges increased 16% from 2022 to 2023.
+
+As for Kirby, he says his mission is to keep raising awareness about what he calls the "toolbelt generation."
+
+"Where they can walk out of the school of hard knocks, pick an industry, work your 10 years, take your punches, take your licks and hopefully you're bringing jobs and careers back to the community," he says.
+
+When asked if he regrets his decision to go into skilled trades, Kirby chuckles. "Not for a second," he says.
+
+Topics
+
+News
+Culture
+Music
+Contact Us Terms of Use Permissions Privacy Policy
+© NPR

examples/eval-summarization/articles/16.txt

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+Text-Only Version Go To Full Site
+
+NPR > Goats and Soda
+
+How two good friends became sworn siblings — with the revival of an ancient ritual
+By Pien Huang, Rhaina Cohen
+
+Monday, April 22, 2024 • 8:30 AM EDT
+
+The Science of Siblings is a new series exploring the ways our siblings can influence us, from our money and our mental health all the way down to our very molecules. We'll be sharing these stories over the next several weeks.
+
+The first time Susan Ashbrook Harvey and Robin Darling Young traveled together in the Middle East, they got very close very quickly. It was 1985, and the two scholars were crammed into a tiny van with several others bound for Tur Abdin, a hilly region in southeast Turkey filled with holy sites.
+
+"We had squeezed ourselves into a dolmish — a van — that was literally full of people. If you know dolmatas [a Greek dish of rice packed tightly into grape leaves], it's the same word," Darling Young says. "We rode down with everybody and her chicken."
+
+On paper, the two scholars had a lot in common when they met decades ago. They both studied the ancient traditions of Syriac Orthodox Christianity. Both were women in their mid-30s in a male-dominated field. But until their trip, they'd really only crossed paths at conferences.
+
+Related Story: The Science of Siblings
+So when they decided to travel for three weeks together, to see with their own eyes the holy places they'd only read about on the page — it was a leap of faith.
+
+"Robin called me up one day and said, 'Let's go to visit the Syriac East,'" Harvey recalls. "It was kind of risky to do this kind of trip together, because there was no escape."
+
+The two women dove into the adventure. They hitchhiked through the countryside and attended worship services in church communities and villages. When the day was over, they'd sleep in sparse, shared pilgrims' quarters in monasteries, where monks would sing hymns at night.
+
+That intense experience of travel and research tested them — and bonded them.
+
+Three weeks later, when they reached Jerusalem, they had become so close that Mor Dionysius Behnan Jajjawi, then the Archbishop of the Syriac Orthodox Church in Jerusalem and the Holy Land, noticed the special quality of their friendship.
+
+After welcoming them as pilgrims and guests, and giving them a personal tour of the city's Syrian churches, he observed that "we had a friendship that was based on something deeper than blood, because our relationship was based on something bigger and greater than ourselves," Harvey says.
+
+Related Story: Blended families are common. Here are tips to help stepsiblings get along
+When they came to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre — which many Christians consider the holiest place in the world, thought to be the site where Jesus was crucified — Archbishop Jajjawi asked: "Would you like to come to the liturgy, after which we will perform an ancient ritual?" Darling Young recalls.
+
+The ritual he had in mind would join these friends as sisters, in a traditional ceremony that dates back thousands of years.
+
+A practice that dates back to 4th-century monks
+The practice, called "adelphopoiesis," means "brother-making" in Greek and is thought to have originated among monks, says Claudia Rapp, a Byzantine scholar at the University of Vienna and author of the book Brother-Making in Late Antiquity and Byzantium.
+
+"The earliest inklings we find are for these kinds of prayers to be performed between two people who are on the same spiritual journey," Rapp says. Historical records show that sworn brothers would then be obliged to pray for each other and would sometimes be buried in the same tomb.
+
+Evidence for this practice between monks dates back to between 4th- and 7th-century ancient Egypt, Rapp says. By the ninth century, the practice spread. "Laypeople adopt[ed] the practice for themselves, in order to either cement friendships or to neutralize enemies — and generally to extend their families so that they can have a wider social network within which to operate," Rapp says.
+
+While some scholars have presented these ceremonies as early forms of same-sex romantic marriage, Rapp says the evidence does not fully support this interpretation. "[While] some people [may] have chosen it to cement a strong emotional bond that may also have included sexual activity ... I don't think ritual brotherhood was essential for people who wanted to live in male relationships [as lovers]," Rapp says.
+
+Related Story: At the heart of this cozy coffee shop lies a big sister's love for her little brother
+She explains that adelphopoiesis is "not a replacement for marriage. It's an additional social networking strategy."
+
+Versions of the practice existed in other regions too. In the Balkans, Muslims and Christians swore brotherhood so they wouldn't have to fight each other in religious conflicts. In medieval England, men who appeared to have practiced sworn brotherhood now lie together in joint crypts.
+
+Sworn siblings in China helped each other in chaotic times
+In China, stories and records documenting sworn brotherhood date back to 350 B.C.E., says Wendy Chen, a professor at Texas Tech University who has studied the practice in ancient China. One of the earliest stories centers on the deep friendship between a government official and a woodcutter who, despite their social class differences, bonded over a shared love of music.
+
+Perhaps the best-known story of sworn brothers in China — one that Chen herself learned growing up — comes from Romance of the Three Kingdoms, considered one of four great classical novels in Chinese pre-modern literature. Set during the waning days of the Han dynasty, which fell in 220 C.E., three men swear brotherhood to each other and commit to the shared goal of protecting the empire from rebels.
+
+"Sworn siblinghood often took place toward the end of each dynasty," typically a chaotic time, Chen says. "People had to rely on each other to achieve their goals, and sometimes even for survival."
+
+Chen says, in China, the practice is steeped in Confucian philosophy — it stresses benevolence and righteousness, promising loyalty and mutual aid between friends.
+
+An ancient ceremony, performed in modern times
+Robin Darling Young and Susan Harvey provided mutual support during their travels in 1985. They believe Archbishop Jajjawi noticed this.
+
+"I think the Archbishop appreciated the ease with which we interacted and the respect with which we approached our work together as a team," Harvey says.
+
+That's likely why, at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, he led them away from the crowd, to a side alcove holding the tomb reputed to be the tomb of Jesus.
+
+It was a small room, "carved straight into the living rock," Harvey says — lit with candles, perfumed with incense. The Archbishop wore full embroidered vestments and a long satiny stole draped around his neck.
+
+"He took our two right hands and put them together, and then he wrapped the stole around our hands for the blessing," Darling Young says.
+
+The Archbishop said prayers over them. "I don't think we actually quite knew what was going on — it was all being done in Syriac, which is another language," says Susan. For her part, Darling Young says the moment was overwhelming.
+
+"At this point, it's so serious and awe-inspiring, I'm blanking out," she recalls. "All I remember is 'Barekmor,' which means 'bless me, o Lord.'"
+
+"Barekmor" — they repeated. "And then he announced to us that we were now sisters forever. And so it was," says Darling Young.
+
+"And so it was," Harvey echoes.
+
+Both women say the ceremony marked a shift in their friendship. "It was a quasi-sacrament," Darling Young says. "It had the effect of gathering together the other experiences we'd had prior to it and sealing and condensing them. Our ways of thinking became connected, not just our hands."
+
+Harvey likens the memory to "a little treasure we carry around in our pockets." Nearly 40 years later, they still sometimes refer to each other as "beloved sister."
+
+Today, while there are ceremonies marking weddings, adoptions and teenage rites of passage, there aren't really ceremonies to honor friendships, Harvey says. She sees value in restoring this lost art of brother- and sister-making.
+
+"This is a way of really valuing [friendships], of saying: This is something truly special. That is a real gift," she says. "I wish there was a way to offer something like that."
+
+Darling Young points out that the scripts do exist in ancient texts. They're available to anyone who wants to dust them off and celebrate their best friendships.
+
+This story elaborates on a chapter from The Other Significant Others: Reimagining Life with Friendship at the Center, a book by Rhaina Cohen that published this year.
+
+More from the Science of Siblings series:
+
+Gay people often have older brothers. Why? And does it matter?
+A gunman stole his twin from him. This is what he's learned about grieving a sibling
+In the womb, a brother's hormones can shape a sister's future
+These identical twins both grew up with autism, but took very different paths
+Topics
+
+News
+Culture
+Music
+Contact Us Terms of Use Permissions Privacy Policy
+© NPR

examples/eval-summarization/articles/17.txt

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+Text-Only Version Go To Full Site
+
+NPR > Sports
+
+'Ban them all.' With Paris Games looming, Chinese doping scandal rocks Olympic sport
+By Brian Mann
+
+Updated Monday, April 22, 2024 • 2:06 PM EDT
+
+Heard on Morning Edition
+
+Officials with the world's leading sports anti-doping agency scrambled on Monday to contain a scandal involving 23 elite and Olympic swimmers from China who tested positive for a performance-enhancing drug.
+
+The scandal, which comes less than a hundred days before the Paris Summer Games, is linked to positive doping tests collected in 2021 that the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) and Chinese officials never publicly disclosed.
+
+"We had no evidence of wrongdoing," said WADA President Witold Banka during a press conference with reporters that often turned combative.
+
+Related Story: U.S., U.K. Swimmers Bemoan Doping After Russian Takes Gold In Men's Backstroke Event
+"At every stage WADA followed all due processes and diligently investigated. If we had it over again, we would do exactly the same thing."
+
+Banka went on to describe China's athletes as "innocent" and "not a doping case involving cheaters."
+
+He said WADA had no obligation to suspend them from competition or report the case to sports officials from other countries.
+
+Critics, however, said the scandal suggests a "potential cover-up" and raises troubling questions about the integrity of the international testing regime meant to keep Olympic sport clean.
+
+"It's crushing to see that 23 Chinese swimmers had positive tests for a potent performance-enhancing drug on the eve of the 2021 Olympic Games [in Tokyo]," said Travis Tygart, head of the U.S. Anti-Doping Agency, known as USADA.
+
+"It's even more devastating to learn the World Anti-Doping Agency and the Chinese Anti-Doping Agency secretly, until now, swept these positives under the carpet," Tygart added in a statement.
+
+WADA now acknowledges learning of positive drug tests for nearly two dozen Chinese swimmers in June 2021 ahead of the Tokyo Games.
+
+During Monday's press conference, WADA officials said the 60 urine samples were actually conducted by Chinese sports officials months earlier at a swimming competition in January 2021.
+
+After months of delay, the Chinese presented a theory to WADA that the athletes were accidentally contaminated by a potent performance-enhancing drug called trimetazidine, known as TMZ.
+
+Chinese officials say TMZ was allegedly found in trace amounts in the kitchen of a hotel where the swimmers were staying.
+
+China's explanation draws skepticism
+No explanation has been provided for how TMZ, a controlled substance, might have made its way into the kitchen or reached the athletes.
+
+WADA officials also confirmed Monday that they conducted no independent on-the-ground investigation and instead carried out their review using samples and data provided by China.
+
+They eventually accepted China's explanation that no deliberate wrong-doing occurred. In addition, WADA said the COVID pandemic complicated efforts to enter China for a fuller investigation.
+
+"The feedback from WADA's science department was that the [accidental] contamination scenario was not only plausible, but there was no concrete element to call it into question," said Ross Wenzel, WADA's lead attorney, during the press conference.
+
+WADA officials say given the circumstances of the case, international doping rules did not require them to alert other competitors about the tests and investigations, nor were they required to suspend the Chinese athletes.
+
+Despite those explanations, the case has sparked growing outrage around the world.
+
+In a statement posted on social media, British swimmer James Guy, who won two gold medals in Tokyo and who will compete again in Paris, blasted the Chinese athletes who tested positive.
+
+Related Story: Report: Russia Used 'Mouse Hole' To Swap Urine Samples Of Olympic Athletes
+"Ban them all and never compete again," Guy wrote on X.
+
+The head of the U.S. Olympic and Paralympic Committee, meanwhile, said in a statement the timing of these latest revelations is disastrous for athletes.
+
+"The recent allegations of doping cast a shadow of uncertainty as we head into the [Paris] Olympic and Paralympic cycle, challenging the very foundation of what fair competition stands for," said USOPC CEO Sarah Hirshland.
+
+In an interview with NPR, USADA's Tygart questioned the plausibility of China's explanation that the positive TMZ tests were the result of an accidental exposure.
+
+"Maybe part of the rationale [for a cover-up] was 'Nobody's going to believe this contamination theory, so we can't follow the rules because it's a crazy theory and no one would believe it,'" Tygart said.
+
+Another Olympics, another high-profile doping scandal
+Trimetazidine used by Russian figure skater Kamila Valieva ahead of the 2022 Winter Games in Beijing, a violation that ultimately led to Valieva receiving a four-year ban from international competition.
+
+That case, too, involved a controversial delay in notification about Valieva's positive drug test, and threw the Beijing Games into turmoil.
+
+Nine U.S. skaters were belatedly granted gold medals. Two years later they are still awaiting their formal award ceremony.
+
+Related Story: Kamila Valieva doping scandal that rocked the Beijing Olympics may finally be settled
+Critics now say WADA and the Chinese should have made the swimmers' tests known immediately to sports officials from other countries.
+
+The behind-the-scenes investigation was first made public by the New York Times and a German news organization ARD, which aired a German-language television documentary about the case, and published a full list of Chinese athletes who allegedly tested positive.
+
+The list includes star swimmers Zhang Yufei and Wang Shun, who went on to win gold medals in Tokyo. Both are expected to compete again in Paris Olympic Games this summer.
+
+In an interview with the German news agency DPA, Germany's Interior Minister Nancy Faeser called for an investigation of the case.
+
+"If confirmed that Chinese swimmers were able to become Olympic champions in Tokyo despite previous evidence of doping, that would be a disaster for world sport," Faeser said.
+
+"This case is a slap in the face of all innocent and honest athletes."
+
+In the countdown to Paris, disarray among drug testers
+The Chinese Anti-Doping Agency, known as CHADA, also pushed back over the weekend against growing claims of wrongdoing.
+
+In a statement published by the Chinese-government's Xinhua news agency, CHADA officials said their investigation found "extremely low" amounts of TMZ in Chinese swimmers.
+
+"WADA agreed with our conclusion after thorough review," the organization said.
+
+Related Story: Once Again, Banned Russians Raise Questions About Doping At The Olympics
+WADA, meanwhile, condemned its critics in a fiercely worded statement threatening legal action, calling accusations of wrong-doing "outrageous, completely false and defamatory."
+
+"At all times, WADA acted in good faith, according to due process and following advice from external counsel," the organization said.
+
+Tygart, with the United States Anti-Doping Agency, punched back on social media, saying it is "disappointing to see WADA stoop to threats and scare tactics when confronted with a blatant violation of the rules governing anti-doping."
+
+New scandal, old suspicions
+This scandal revives questions about international sport's ability to cope with countries accused of using performance-enhancing drugs systematically to gain unfair advantages at the Olympics and in other major competitions.
+
+The International Olympic Committee has drawn criticism for allowing Russian athletes to continue competing at the Winter and Summer Games, albeit as neutrals without flying Russia's flag or playing the national anthem, despite evidence of systemic doping.
+
+Also at the Tokyo Games, questions were raised about Russian swimmer Evgeny Rylov, who won gold in the men's 200-meter backstroke.
+
+"I don't know if [the race] was 100 percent clean," said U.S. swimmer Ryan Murphy, the silver medal winner, at a press conference afterwards in 2021, "and that's because of things that happened over the past."
+
+China, too, has faced on-going questions about whether its teams use performance enhancing drugs systematically.
+
+At the 2012 Summer Games in London, then-16-year-old swimmer Ye Shiwen of China obliterated the competition on the final lap of the women's 400m individual medley race.
+
+Her final 50m was faster than American star Ryan Lochte's final 50m in the men's version of that same race, raising doubts about whether the performance could have been achieved without the aid of drugs.
+
+Transcript
+A MARTÍNEZ, HOST:
+
+Fewer than a hundred days before the opening ceremony of the Paris Summer Olympic Games, a new doping scandal has erupted. It involves elite and gold-medal-winning swimmers from China. There have been suggestions of a potential cover-up and questions about the international testing system that's meant to keep banned drugs out. Brian Mann is part of NPR's team covering the Olympics. Brian, what did these swimmers test positive for?
+
+BRIAN MANN, BYLINE: Well, A, it's a powerful performance-enhancing drug called trimetazidine, known commonly as TMZ. Chinese officials and the World Anti-Doping Agency now confirmed 23 Chinese athletes tested positive ahead of the Tokyo Olympics in 2021. They say their investigation found these athletes were contaminated accidentally. They said it wasn't deliberate, but here's the thing - they didn't notify any other countries or sports officials. They didn't temporarily suspend these Chinese athletes. Those appear to be violations of World Anti-Doping rules. Some of those swimmers who tested positive are star athletes in China. They went on to win gold medals in Tokyo, and some are expected to compete again in Paris.
+
+MARTÍNEZ: All right. What are U.S. sports officials saying about this?
+
+MANN: They're furious. Travis Tygart heads the U.S. Anti-Doping Agency. He called the decision by China and the World Anti-Doping Agency to keep this investigation secret devastating. He says it's a potential cover-up.
+
+TRAVIS TYGART: It's a collapse of the global anti-doping system, and now here we are, just a few months away from the 2024 Paris Olympic Games, and, you know, athletes are really frustrated and upset.
+
+MANN: And, A, he's not the only one crying foul. One British gold-medal swimmer, James Guy, posted on social media over the weekend that these Chinese swimmers should be banned from the sport. After news of the scandal was first reported by The New York Times and a German news agency, one top German sports official called this a slap on the face of all innocent and honest athletes.
+
+MARTÍNEZ: All right. Now, how are the Chinese and World Anti-Doping officials responding to all the criticism?
+
+MANN: Yeah. This has gotten nasty really fast. The World Anti-Doping Agency released a statement accusing their critics, including Travis Tygart, of making outrageous and defamatory statements. They're basically threatening lawsuits here. Tygart, in turn, fired back.
+
+TYGART: Those threats are obviously a tactic to try to bully people into silence.
+
+MANN: And he says China's story that these athletes were exposed accidentally to this drug, TMZ, he says that's just not believable.
+
+MARTÍNEZ: Brian, weren't the last Olympic Games in China also marred with a doping scandal?
+
+MANN: Yeah. That's right. At the Winter Games in Beijing in 2022, Russian skater Kamila Valieva was allowed to compete despite having tested positive ahead of those games for this very same performance-enhancing drug, TMZ. Her doping test also wasn't revealed at first, and her presence at the games wound up throwing everything into turmoil.
+
+MARTÍNEZ: All right. So what does this say about the Paris Games? I mean, realistically, Brian, how drug-free can it be?
+
+MANN: I just spent days with Olympic athletes in New York City, and they were already worried about doping. This raises more big questions about the ability of sport to be clean. The head of the U.S. Olympic & Paralympic Committee, Sarah Hirshland, released a statement saying China's case will cast a shadow of uncertainty over Paris.
+
+MARTÍNEZ: All right. That's NPR's Brian Mann, who will be in Paris covering the Olympics for NPR. Brian, thanks.
+
+MANN: Thanks, A.
+
+Topics
+
+News
+Culture
+Music
+Contact Us Terms of Use Permissions Privacy Policy
+© NPR

examples/eval-summarization/articles/18.txt

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+Text-Only Version Go To Full Site
+
+NPR > Shots - Health News
+
+A cheap drug may slow down aging. A study will determine if it works
+By Allison Aubrey
+
+Monday, April 22, 2024 • 5:01 AM EDT
+
+Heard on Morning Edition
+
+A drug taken by millions of people to control diabetes may do more than lower blood sugar.
+
+Research suggests metformin has anti-inflammatory effects that could help protect against common age-related diseases including heart disease, cancer, and cognitive decline.
+
+Scientists who study the biology of aging have designed a clinical study, known as The TAME Trial, to test whether metformin can help prevent these diseases and promote a longer healthspan in healthy, older adults.
+
+Michael Cantor, an attorney, and his wife Shari Cantor, the mayor of West Hartford, Connecticut both take metformin. "I tell all my friends about it," Michael Cantor says. "We all want to live a little longer, high-quality life if we can," he says.
+
+Michael Cantor started on metformin about a decade ago when his weight and blood sugar were creeping up. Shari Cantor began taking metformin during the pandemic after she read that it may help protect against serious infections.
+
+The Cantors are in their mid-60s and both say they feel healthy and have lots of energy. Both noticed improvements in their digestive systems – feeling more "regular" after they started on the drug,
+
+Metformin costs less than a dollar a day, and depending on insurance, many people pay no out-of-pocket costs for the drug.
+
+"I don't know if metformin increases lifespan in people, but the evidence that exists suggests that it very well might," says Steven Austad, a senior scientific advisor at the American Federation for Aging Research who studies the biology of aging.
+
+An old drug with surprising benefits
+Metformin was first used to treat diabetes in the 1950s in France. The drug is a derivative of guanidine, a compound found in Goat's Rue, an herbal medicine long used in Europe.
+
+The FDA approved metformin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes in the U.S. in the 1990s. Since then, researchers have documented several surprises, including a reduced risk of cancer. "That was a bit of a shock," Austad says. A meta-analysis that included data from dozens of studies, found people who took metformin had a lower risk of several types of cancers, including gastrointestinal, urologic and blood cancers.
+
+Austad also points to a British study that found a lower risk of dementia and mild cognitive decline among people with type 2 diabetes taking metformin. In addition, there's research pointing to improved cardiovascular outcomes in people who take metformin including a reduced risk of cardiovascular death.
+
+As promising as this sounds, Austad says most of the evidence is observational, pointing only to an association between metformin and the reduced risk. The evidence stops short of proving cause and effect. Also, it's unknown if the benefits documented in people with diabetes will also reduce the risk of age-related diseases in healthy, older adults.
+
+"That's what we need to figure out," says Steve Kritchevsky, a professor of gerontology at Wake Forest School of Medicine, who is a lead investigator for the Tame Trial.
+
+The goal is to better understand the mechanisms and pathways by which metformin works in the body. For instance, researchers are looking at how the drug may help improve energy in the cells by stimulating autophagy, which is the process of clearing out or recycling damaged bits inside cells.
+
+Related Story: Scientists can tell how fast you're aging. Now, the trick is to slow it down
+Related Story: You can order a test to find out your biological age. Is it worth it?
+Researchers also want to know more about how metformin can help reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, which may slow biological aging.
+
+"When there's an excess of oxidative stress, it will damage the cell. And that accumulation of damage is essentially what aging is," Kritchevsky explains.
+
+When the forces that are damaging cells are running faster than the forces that are repairing or replacing cells, that's aging, Kritchevsky says. And it's possible that drugs like metformin could slow this process down.
+
+By targeting the biology of aging, the hope is to prevent or delay multiple diseases, says Dr. Nir Barzilai of Albert Einstein College of Medicine, who leads the effort to get the trial started.
+
+The ultimate in preventative medicine
+Back in 2015, Austad and a bunch of aging researchers began pushing for a clinical trial.
+
+"A bunch of us went to the FDA to ask them to approve a trial for metformin,' Austad recalls, and the agency was receptive. "If you could help prevent multiple problems at the same time, like we think metformin may do, then that's almost the ultimate in preventative medicine," Austad says.
+
+The aim is to enroll 3,000 people between the ages of 65 and 79 for a six-year trial. But Dr. Barzilai says it's been slow going to get it funded. "The main obstacle with funding this study is that metformin is a generic drug, so no pharmaceutical company is standing to make money," he says.
+
+Barzilai has turned to philanthropists and foundations, and has some pledges. The National Institute on Aging, part of the National Institutes of Health, set aside about $5 million for the research, but that's not enough to pay for the study which is estimated to cost between $45 and $70 million.
+
+The frustration over the lack of funding is that if the trial points to protective effects, millions of people could benefit. "It's something that everybody will be able to afford," Barzilai says.
+
+Currently the FDA doesn't recognize aging as a disease to treat, but the researchers hope this would usher in a paradigm shift — from treating each age-related medical condition separately, to treating these conditions together, by targeting aging itself.
+
+For now, metformin is only approved to treat type 2 diabetes in the U.S., but doctors can prescribe it off-label for conditions other than its approved use.
+
+Michael and Shari Cantor's doctors were comfortable prescribing it to them, given the drug's long history of safety and the possible benefits in delaying age-related disease.
+
+"I walk a lot, I hike, and at 65 I have a lot of energy," Michael Cantor says. I feel like the metformin helps," he says. He and Shari say they have not experienced any negative side effects.
+
+Research shows a small percentage of people who take metformin experience GI distress that makes the drug intolerable. And, some people develop a b12 vitamin deficiency. One study found people over the age of 65 who take metformin may have a harder time building new muscle.
+
+Related Story: Millions of women are 'under-muscled.' These foods help build strength
+"There's some evidence that people who exercise who are on metformin have less gain in muscle mass, says Dr. Eric Verdin, President of the Buck Institute for Research on Aging. That could be a concern for people who are under-muscled.
+
+But Verdin says it may be possible to repurpose metformin in other ways "There are a number of companies that are exploring metformin in combination with other drugs," he says. He points to research underway to combine metformin with a drug called galantamine for the treatment of sarcopenia, which is the medical term for age-related muscle loss. Sarcopenia affects millions of older people, especially women.
+
+The science of testing drugs to target aging is rapidly advancing, and metformin isn't the only medicine that may treat the underlying biology.
+
+"Nobody thinks this is the be all and end all of drugs that target aging," Austad says. He says data from the clinical trial could stimulate investment by the big pharmaceutical companies in this area. "They may come up with much better drugs," he says.
+
+Michael Cantor knows there's no guarantee with metformin. "Maybe it doesn't do what we think it does in terms of longevity, but it's certainly not going to do me any harm," he says.
+
+Cantor's father had his first heart attack at 51. He says he wants to do all he can to prevent disease and live a healthy life, and he thinks Metformin is one tool that may help.
+
+For now, Dr. Barzilai says the metformin clinical trial can get underway when the money comes in.
+
+Related Story: 7 habits to live a healthier life, inspired by the world's longest-lived communities
+This story was edited by Jane Greenhalgh
+
+Transcript
+MICHEL MARTIN, HOST:
+
+A drug that is widely used to treat diabetes is being studied for its potential to slow down biological aging. As part of our series How To Thrive As You Age, NPR's Allison Aubrey reports on a study that aims to determine whether an inexpensive, generic drug can help protect against other conditions from cancer to heart disease to dementia.
+
+ALLISON AUBREY, BYLINE: Michael Cantor is a 65-year-old patent attorney who lives in West Hartford, Conn. And when he thinks about his family medical history, he gets a little anxious.
+
+MICHAEL CANTOR: My father had a heart attack - his first heart attack at age 51, and he passed away at age 68. So I certainly have heart disease in my family.
+
+AUBREY: He wants to prevent this, but about a decade ago, his weight and his blood sugar were headed in the wrong direction. So he started taking a drug called metformin. The drug was first used in France in the 1950s to help control blood sugar, and in recent years, there's growing evidence that it may do much more.
+
+CANTOR: I tell all my friends about it. Many of our friends, including my siblings, have asked their own doctors to put them on it. You know, 'cause we all want to live a little longer life and, you know, high quality of life if we can.
+
+AUBREY: So can taking metformin promote a longer life? I reached out to Steven Austad, a senior scientific advisor at the American Federation for Aging Research. He's a biogerontologist who studies the biology of aging.
+
+STEVEN AUSTAD: I don't know if metformin increases lifespan in people, but I'd certainly like to find out because the evidence that exists suggests that it very well might.
+
+AUBREY: The drug is a derivative of guanidine, a compound found in an herbal medicine called goat's rue. Since the FDA approved it back in the 1990s, millions of people have taken metformin, and researchers have documented some surprising findings.
+
+AUSTAD: Gradually, people became aware, oh, not only is this controlling their diabetes, but it looks like these people are getting less cancer. And that was sort of a shock. And then it turns out that people on metformin were getting less dementia. So it's very rare that you get dozens of studies that all point in the same direction.
+
+AUBREY: As promising as this sounds, most of the evidence is observational. These studies suggest that people who take metformin for diabetes may also reduce their risks of cancer and cognitive decline. Now, researchers want to know whether the drug can do the same in healthy people. Austad says it's possible.
+
+AUSTAD: Metformin is well known to reduce inflammation, and inflammation is one of those processes that cuts across diseases. It's involved in heart disease. It's involved in dementia. It's involved in cancer. It's involved in virtually all of the things that we know go wrong with aging.
+
+AUBREY: In 2015, Austad and a bunch of aging researchers began pushing for a clinical trial to study this.
+
+AUSTAD: A bunch of us went to the FDA to ask them to approve a trial for metformin for preventing a variety of diseases or delaying a variety of diseases. If you could prevent multiple problems at the same time, like we think metformin may do, then that's almost the ultimate in preventative medicine.
+
+AUBREY: The agency was receptive, he says, and the researchers designed to study. The aim is to enroll 3,000 people between the ages of 65 and 79 for a six-year trial. Dr. Nir Barzilai of Albert Einstein College of Medicine leads the fundraising efforts to get it off the ground but it's been slow going.
+
+NIR BARZILAI: The main obstacle with funding this study is that metformin is a generic drug, so no pharmaceuticals is tending to make money out of that. And that's why we didn't have the support we could have had.
+
+AUBREY: So he's turned to philanthropists and foundations. The National Institutes of Health set aside about $5 million for the research, but that's not enough to pay for the trial, which is estimated to cost between 45 and $70 million. Barzilai says a lot of people could benefit if the trial points to success.
+
+BARZILAI: There would be many people that can be using the drug immediately, and it's something that everybody will be able to afford.
+
+AUBREY: The FDA does not recognize aging as a disease to treat, but the hope is that this would usher in a paradigm shift away from treating each age-related medical conditions separately to treating these conditions together by targeting aging itself. For now, metformin is indicated just for the treatment of type-two diabetes. But Michael and his wife, Shari Cantor, found their doctors were comfortable prescribing it to them off label. Given the drug's long history of safety and the possibility it may help delay age-related diseases, both say they feel very healthy.
+
+CANTOR: I walk a lot. I hike, you know, at 65, I have a lot of energy, and I feel like the metformin helps that.
+
+AUBREY: Though metformin has been shown to be very safe, all drugs have some side effects. A small percentage of people who take metformin experience an upset stomach or GI troubles that make the drug intolerable, and some people develop a B12 deficiency. Dr. Eric Verdin of the Buck Institute for Research on Aging points to a study that those over 65 who take metformin may have a harder time building new muscle.
+
+ERIC VERDIN: There's some evidence that people who exercise who are on metformin have less gain in muscle mass, which we know, you know, is a good predictor against aging.
+
+AUBREY: But he says it may be possible to repurpose metformin in other ways.
+
+VERDIN: There are a number of companies that are exploring metformin in combination with other drugs that might be able to promote healthy longevity.
+
+AUBREY: He points to research underway to combine metformin with a drug called galantamine for the treatment of sarcopenia, which is a medical term for age-related muscle loss, a condition that affects millions of older women. For now, Dr. Barzilai says the metformin clinical trial can get underway when the money comes in, and he continues to fundraise.
+
+Allison Aubrey, NPR News.
+
+Topics
+
+News
+Culture
+Music
+Contact Us Terms of Use Permissions Privacy Policy
+© NPR

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+Text-Only Version Go To Full Site
+
+NPR > Life Kit
+
+Earth Day 2024: 8 ways to live more sustainably
+By Life Kit
+
+Updated Tuesday, April 16, 2024 • 2:46 PM EDT
+
+Being an Earthling isn't easy these days. From flash floods and devastating earthquakes to extreme heat, no matter where you are on the planet, the effects of the climate crisis are vast and real.
+
+We know individual actions can only get us so far, and solving the astronomical issue of climate change is the job of governments and policies. But we also know that our decisions matter. Consuming less energy at home, composting and upcycling, using our voices and our votes – all of these individual choices can help tip the scale towards progress.
+
+The Life Kit team curated some of our favorite sustainability tips from past episodes. They're not going to solve the climate crisis, but these practices can help garner momentum as we work toward a more sustainable future.
+
+Switch to climate friendly home appliances
+By using home appliances and vehicles that run on electricity, we can help reduce our carbon footprint and leave more fossil fuels in the ground. Here are a few appliances to consider:
+
+Induction stove: These use magnetism to heat a pan and consume less energy than a traditional electric stove.
+
+Clothing dryers with the "Energy Star" label: Efficient dryers that have the Energy Star label use about 20% less energy than regular dryers.
+
+Water heaters that use heat pump technology: They're two to three times more efficient than most electric water heaters and can help save money on utility bills.
+
+Making these upgrades to your home and lifestyle will cost money — and you will need to plan ahead. So don't feel like you have to change out your appliances overnight. Instead, buy them as your existing machines wear out.
+
+Eat seafood responsibly
+Let's say you're at a restaurant or the fresh fish counter at the supermarket and you want to get the salmon — but you're not sure whether it's sustainable. To find out, simply ask the server or the fishmonger. Here are two key questions:
+
+Is this fish pole- or line-caught? If the answer is yes, that's usually a good sign, says Jennifer Dianto Kemmerly, vice president of global ocean initiatives at the Monterey Bay Aquarium in California. "Even at a commercial scale, a fishing boat can see what they just reeled in and if they caught a fish that's too small or is a different species they didn't intend [to catch], they can quickly release it."
+
+Is this fish caught in the U.S.? If so, it's probably a sustainable choice. "The U.S. has some of the most stringent regulations" of fishing in the world, Kemmerly says.
+
+Eat less meat
+Meat production is hard on the environment: It requires a lot of land to raise cattle — and globally, many forests are being cleared to make room for those animals. Deforestation releases lots of heat-trapping carbon dioxide that had been stored in the trees into the environment. And cows themselves release a lot of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas, in the form of burps.
+
+If people in the U.S. and other heavy meat-eating countries could cut back their beef consumption, it could have a major impact on creating a more sustainable food system.
+
+To curb your diet's environmental impact and fight climate change, you could go vegetarian or vegan — but you don't have to. It turns out, cutting back a little can have a big impact.
+
+Richard Waite, a senior research associate in the food program at the World Resources Institute, recommends eating less of the most resource-intensive meats: goat, lamb and especially beef — the most commonly consumed of these meats. Cows "take the most land to grow and feed," he says.
+
+Ditch fast fashion – keep your clothes for the long haul
+Trends move so quickly these days. It's tempting to buy what's hot and follow whatever fleeting microtrend is "in" right now.
+
+But that leads to more clothes in landfills – only 1% of clothing actually gets recycled into new clothing. And making textiles is a very water-intensive process, not to mention human labor issues with a lot of fast fashion manufacturing.
+
+Related Story: 5 tips to ditch fast fashion and cultivate a sustainable closet
+If you want to reduce fashion waste, ask yourself one question before you buy a new item of clothing: "Will I wear this at least 30 times?"
+
+This question, says thrifting advocate Symphony Clarke, can shift your mindset and help you buy clothing with the notion that it should stay with you for a long time.
+
+Freeze produce you can't use right away — and compost the scraps once you have
+About 8% of greenhouse gas emissions come from wasted food, and roughly half of all food waste occurs during "the consumption stage," meaning waste from foodservice and households.
+
+Related Story: How to compost at home
+One of the best tools to help reduce wasted food? The freezer. Here's how to use it:
+
+If you're not ready to use fresh fruit and vegetables right away, freeze them. This locks in flavor and nutrients, and it's better than letting fresh produce languish in the fridge.
+Store your compost – fruit and vegetable peels, eggshells, coffee grinds – in the freezer until you've filled a bag and can take it to your local community garden or compost collector. That way, you can keep out smells and vermin, and then contribute to creating rich, healthy soil to grow new food.
+Cut back on plastic by figuring out how much you use and why
+The plastics problem is overwhelming. There's so much of it overflowing landfills and littering waterways and a lot of it can't or won't be recycled.
+
+The most effective thing you can do to cut back on plastic is to figure out how much you use. Environmental activist Shilpi Chhotray suggests going room by room – bathroom, bedroom, kitchen, living room – and doing an audit of the plastics in your home. (Don't forget to check the trash!)
+
+Related Story: The plastic problem isn't your fault, but you can be part of the solution
+Not only will this help you understand how much plastic you use, but how you're using it. That way, you can make a plan for how to cut back.
+
+Are you using a bottle of body wash? Replace it with a bar of soap. Bring your own tote bags for groceries instead of packing your goods in plastic bags, or your favorite reusable mug to your local coffee shop.
+
+Switch to clean energy at home
+Whether you're a homeowner or a renter, in a lot of states, you may be able to move away from powering your home with fossil fuels – as long as you pay your utility bill.
+
+Related Story: Take on climate change at home and cut carbon emissions. Here's how
+"Call your local utility company and let them know that you want your electricity to come from 100% clean energy," says Donnel Baird, CEO of BlocPower, a startup company that's carrying out energy upgrades of buildings in several cities.
+
+While your utility company stays the same, you may be able to choose the supplier of your energy. A quick call to your utility company to make the switch can lead to a meaningful change in the way you power your home.
+
+Use your voice and your vote
+We know that passing on plastic straws is not going to do much to limit Earth's warming. So, speak up. Tell companies what practices you want to see from them. "They're listening, more than ever before," says Keefe Harrison, CEO of the Recycling Partnership.
+
+Related Story: How to run for office
+If you want to influence policy, let your representatives know what matters to you. Write them, call them and keep the climate in mind as you think about voting. And if you've got big ideas you aren't seeing reflected, consider running for office yourself with this handy guide.
+
+The podcast portion of this story was produced by Sylvie Douglis with engineering support from Josh Newell, Robert Rodriguez, Gilly Moon and Maggie Luther.
+
+We'd love to hear from you. If you have a good life hack, leave us a voicemail at 202-216-9823, or email us at LifeKit@npr.org. Your tip could appear in an upcoming episode.
+
+If you love Life Kit and want more, subscribe to our newsletter.
+
+Transcript
+ANDEE TAGLE, HOST:
+
+This is NPR's LIFE KIT. It's Earth week. And let's not dance around it - being an Earthling isn't easy these days. Flash floods and devastating earthquakes, extreme heat and shrinking ecosystems and rising sea levels and raging forest fires - no matter where you are in the planet, the effects of the climate crisis are vast and real. They're a constant source of big worry and fear for most and big struggles for many. It can be easy to feel hopeless amid so many compounding disasters or frustrated by the snail-slow pace of change. And it's true - individual action has its limits, but it's not too late to come together and make a real difference.
+
+According to a recent report from the U.N., the world can still avoid the most extreme dangers of the climate crisis if, collectively, nations can work together to embrace the solutions and technology needed to cut emissions rapidly. Again, to be clear, we're not putting solving the climate crisis on you, listener. That's done by governments and policies. But we know that our decisions matter. Using less energy at home, choosing to live and work in walkable areas, composting, upcycling - all of these individual choices can add up and help tip the scales towards progress. And the good news is there are endless ways to start.
+
+I'm Andee Tagle, one of the producers of this show, and in this episode of LIFE KIT, our team is here to help you get going on your green living with tips from some of our favorite sustainability episodes. We've got a list of ideas as big and green as your favorite tree, so don't you leaf.
+
+(SOUNDBITE OF JONATHAN ELIAS AND SARAH TREVINO'S "MAGIC IN THE HILLS")
+
+TAGLE: Up first, producer Sylvie Douglis. Hey, Sylvie.
+
+SYLVIE DOUGLIS, BYLINE: Hey, Andee. So my tips are about food waste. We all know it's a huge contributing factor to the climate crisis. But I learned from our episode about combating food waste that 8% of greenhouse gas emissions come from wasted food, and roughly half of food waste occurs during the consumption stage, meaning waste from, like, food service, restaurants and households.
+
+TAGLE: That is a lot.
+
+DOUGLIS: Yeah, it's something we all know that we can work on by being more thoughtful and realistic when grocery shopping, or for me, it's really just resisting the urge to order takeout when I've got fresh groceries just waiting to be used. But there's a few tips that I want to share, and they both have to do with one kitchen appliance. Can you guess what it is?
+
+TAGLE: Could it be the fridge or the freezer?
+
+DOUGLIS: Yes, it's the freezer.
+
+TIFFANY DERRY: Make the freezer your best friend (laughter).
+
+DOUGLIS: So that's Tiffany Derry. She's a chef in Texas, and she's a huge proponent of using your freezer to cut down on waste.
+
+DERRY: I freeze anything that I'm not going to use quickly. Berries, pineapple - I mean, all of those fruits are things that people buy already. Why not get it while it's in the peak of season and then pop it in a bag and just have it in your freezer ready to go? You know it's delicious. You know what time of the year it was brought in.
+
+DOUGLIS: And freezing food is healthy, too. Freezing stuff locks in flavor and nutrients. And it's better than letting groceries languish in the fridge.
+
+TAGLE: Ugh, my poor groceries. So many have languished. And I hear you have another freezer tip up your sleeve.
+
+DOUGLIS: Yeah, my freezer is not that big, but I'm putting it to work with another way that I tackle food waste, which is composting. So I started composting in the past couple years, but I live in an apartment and don't have any outdoor space, so I compost in my freezer. And then once a week, I take this sort of alien-looking popsicle of frozen peels and pits and rinds and coffee grounds, and I drop it off at my community garden. And it's kind of fun 'cause you get to meet other people in your neighborhood doing the same thing, and you get to spy on their eating habits, too.
+
+TAGLE: I would not be mad at that. And bonus - if it's frozen, it doesn't smell, right? Because I know that's what a lot of people have a problem with when it comes to composting.
+
+DOUGLIS: Yeah, no smell. And then it gets turned into rich, healthy soil. And last summer, they gave me a baggie of the soil from our community garden to bring home and use in my house plants.
+
+TAGLE: Wow. A full loop. I love it.
+
+DOUGLIS: Yeah, it's great. But I've also learned about some ways to compost that rely less on the trusty freezer. There's vermicomposting, which is where you take a big sort of five-gallon bin, order some worms online and compost indoors. And then there's also the Japanese method of bokashi, which is essentially fermenting your food scraps. So there's a lot to look into.
+
+TAGLE: Worms and bacteria - what fun. Thanks, Sylvie.
+
+DOUGLIS: Thanks, Andee.
+
+(SOUNDBITE OF HARUN IYICIL'S "SOUL BLISS (MAIN)")
+
+TAGLE: Up next, producer Audrey Nguyen. Hey, Audrey.
+
+AUDREY NGUYEN, BYLINE: Hey, Andee.
+
+TAGLE: What have you got for us today?
+
+NGUYEN: My tip comes from an episode I worked on last summer with Rebecca Davis about plastic. I got to say, when I sit down and think about the plastics problem for too long, I get really overwhelmed. Like, I know we're not going to recycle our way out of the climate crisis, so I've definitely questioned how much my actions, like, as an individual can make an impact. But working on the piece helped me recognize on a very emotional level that some action is better than none.
+
+TAGLE: I feel you. Overwhelmed is the right word, for sure. There are so many plastic products in our life. They all have different numbers. I just - I don't even know where to start.
+
+NGUYEN: Well, in the episode, Rebecca interviewed Yvette Arellano, the founder of an environmental justice organization called Fenceline Watch. The group is based in my hometown, Houston, Texas, and they advocate for marginalized communities that are concerned about the long-term effects of pollution from petrochemical plants.
+
+REBECCA DAVIS, BYLINE: Why is it so important to use less plastic, anyway?
+
+YVETTE ARELLANO: Because it affects children's lives. It increases cancer rates. And it hurts people. You know, why would we want to participate in something that is actively oppressing and hurting people's health?
+
+NGUYEN: Before working on the episode, I hadn't fully appreciated the relationship between fossil fuels, plastics and public health.
+
+TAGLE: Yeah, actively oppressing and hurting people. Wow. What more can we do about this, Audrey?
+
+NGUYEN: So we've all heard the phrase recycle, reduce and reuse. And lots of folks say we should put more emphasis on the reducing and reusing part of that instead of just maintaining the same level of consumption and just recycling. Now, full disclosure - I've gotten a lot worse about using single-use plastic during the pandemic with, like, all of the takeout I've been eating.
+
+TAGLE: You're not the only one, I'm sure.
+
+(LAUGHTER)
+
+TAGLE: Also guilty.
+
+NGUYEN: So I've been thinking about something another expert did.
+
+SHILPI CHHOTRAY: What I started doing was literally taking an inventory of all of the plastic in our apartment.
+
+NGUYEN: That's Shilpi Chhotray. When we talked to her, she was the global communications lead from Break Free From Plastic. Shilpi tallied up the different types of plastic packaging she had in her home, which gets me to the tip I'm here to share today. Do an audit of the plastics in your home. It will help you understand not only how much plastic you're using but also how you're using it. So you can make an actionable plan about how to cut back.
+
+CHHOTRAY: It was a wakeup call for us because a lot of the plastic that we thought could be recycled, we learned they're actually not getting picked up by curbside recycling.
+
+TAGLE: Oof. Auditing the whole house sounds like a huge undertaking. Imagine you want to go room by room, right? I know there are a lot of plastic bottles in my bathroom right now, for example.
+
+NGUYEN: That's exactly right. Go room by room. Take note of all the plastic, and don't forget to check the trash. Shilpi says that the two main areas you're probably going to see the most plastic are in your kitchen and, like you noticed yourself, Andee, the bathroom. After you finish your inventory, think about ways you can reduce your use of those plastics.
+
+TAGLE: OK. Are there any sustainable swaps that you've tried, any that you recommend, any favorites, Audrey?
+
+NGUYEN: I think one of the easiest things I've done is switch from body wash to a bar of soap. I also recently discovered that there's a shop down the street from me that lets you bring in your own containers and buy hand soap and dried goods. So I'm going to check that out later this week. I also tried switching over to toothpaste tabs at some point, but my partner hated the texture and, like, hard vetoed that swap. So those are out.
+
+TAGLE: I am Team Veto on that. We tried.
+
+NGUYEN: (Laughter).
+
+TAGLE: I can't - I just - I don't - I can't do it. But definitely lots to consider this Earth Day or perhaps plastic-free July. Thanks, Audrey.
+
+NGUYEN: Thanks.
+
+(SOUNDBITE OF JOSEPH PINCUS' "ROLL DEEP")
+
+MEGHAN KEANE, BYLINE: Hey, Andee.
+
+TAGLE: Hey, Meghan, managing producer of LIFE KIT. What do you have today?
+
+KEANE: Well, Andee, before we get started, I just want to say that's a really nice top you have on today. How many times do you think you've worn it?
+
+TAGLE: Oh, thanks, M.K. This old thing - I picked this up last spring maybe and have just brought it back now that the weather's a little warmer. So maybe 10 times.
+
+KEANE: OK. All right. The reason I ask you - it's not to shame you, I promise, but rather to get us thinking about how often we really wear the clothes we have in our closet. You know, trends move so quickly these days, and I'm on TikTok enough to know that the youths are going to make fun of anything that I own that was in fashion before, like, the year 2016.
+
+TAGLE: (Laughter).
+
+KEANE: And it's very tempting to just buy the cheap stuff and, you know, wear what's ever the microtrend right now.
+
+SYMPHONY CLARKE: People are so quick to - oh, it doesn't fit anymore. Trash. Oh, this doesn't look good anymore. Trash.
+
+KEANE: (Laughter) That's...
+
+TAGLE: Guilty.
+
+KEANE: ...Symphony Clarke. She goes by The Thrift Guru on TikTok.
+
+TAGLE: I know her. She was in our sustainable closet episode.
+
+KEANE: Sure was.
+
+CLARKE: We live in this generation now where people won't even get caught dead seeing people, like, wearing the same outfit twice. That's the lifespan of their clothing. Once a picture is taken, it's done.
+
+KEANE: Now, I'm not quite at that level, but I have been known just to buy a new piece of clothing simply because I wanted it and not because I needed it.
+
+TAGLE: And that leads to a bigger issue, right? Because so much of used clothing just ends up in landfills.
+
+KEANE: Yes. And it's estimated that only 1% of clothing actually gets recycled.
+
+TAGLE: Wow.
+
+KEANE: You know, making textiles is a very water-intensive process, not to mention human labor issues. I mean, there is just so much wrong with how clothing gets manufactured. It's overwhelming. But as a consumer, you can think about, you know, buying more thrifted clothes. And this is my tip for you - before you buy, ask yourself this question.
+
+CLARKE: When you go shopping, when you look at an item, will you wear this item at least 30 times? And that alone will get people thinking, like, what? Why would I want to wear something 30 times? That's really the key. You want to actually extend the lifespan of clothing.
+
+TAGLE: That's a really nice mindset shift. You know, you're creating a speed bump for yourself to see if this is something you're going to keep out of a landfill. Plus, think about money, right? Cost per wear.
+
+KEANE: Exactly. And I would even go further and recommend people think about a 60- or a 90-wear test. If you get a stain on it, how are you going to take care for that piece of clothing so you just don't toss it out? So my tip is to think of your clothes not as disposable and use this 30-day rule before you bring something new into your closet.
+
+TAGLE: I love it. I'm going to see how many wears I can get out of this shirt now. Thanks, M.K.
+
+KEANE: Thank you.
+
+(SOUNDBITE OF KRISTOPHER FLAGG AND SKINNY WILLIAMS "HER SOUL GLOW")
+
+BECK HARLAN, BYLINE: Hi, Andee.
+
+TAGLE: Beck, our wonderful visuals editor. Hello.
+
+HARLAN: Hello. So I want to kick us off with a little trivia.
+
+TAGLE: Oh, gosh.
+
+HARLAN: You ready?
+
+TAGLE: Go for it.
+
+HARLAN: OK. What percent of greenhouse gas emissions in the U.S. would you attribute to buildings?
+
+TAGLE: OK. I have had to guess a lot in this episode. Am I on a secret game show? OK. What percent would I attribute to buildings? Maybe 10%?
+
+HARLAN: Oh, Andee, I'm sorry...
+
+TAGLE: (Laughter).
+
+HARLAN: ...You're not going to win that brand-new electric car. No, no. Not a bad guess, but it's more.
+
+DONNEL BAIRD: Buildings in the United States are responsible for 30% of greenhouse gas emissions across the country. If you want to do something about climate change, your home is among the most important places to look.
+
+HARLAN: That's Donnel Baird, the CEO of BlocPower. And while we don't have control over all buildings, if we start where we do have some control - our homes - there's definitely something that we can do to reduce emissions, even if you're renting. So in a lot of states, if you pay your utility bill, you may have some control over the source of your electricity. Here's Baird again.
+
+BAIRD: The very first thing you can do is you can call your local utility company, and you can let them know that you want your electricity to come from 100% clean energy.
+
+TAGLE: Wow. This is huge, Beck. I had no idea this was an option for renters.
+
+HARLAN: Yeah, it's exciting. It's called consumer choice. And while your utility company stays the same, you can sometimes choose the supplier of your energy. So I rented a room in a group house in D.C. for many years, and my housemates and I did this. Our utility company was Pepco, but we had an option to choose who actually supplied that energy. All in all, it took about 30 minutes to make the switch, and then boom - every month, you're just automatically getting electricity from clean energy.
+
+TAGLE: Wow. This is a great tip, Beck. But 30 minutes, is it that easy? I'm assuming you want to look at rates and read all the fine print, of course.
+
+HARLAN: For sure. Yes, absolutely, do your due diligence. But in terms of environmental impact for time spent, this is a really good return on investment.
+
+TAGLE: Yeah, absolutely. Sounds like a super easy and efficient way to reduce your carbon footprint.
+
+HARLAN: Yeah. So just call your utility company or set aside a little time with Michael Google (ph) to see if this is an option for you.
+
+TAGLE: (Laughter).
+
+HARLAN: And I know that spending time on the phone with your utility company is no one's favorite pastime. But I'm very bad at life admin, and I promise that this is actually pretty painless. And if you find out that it's not an option for you, there are tons of other ideas about how to green your home in our episode, from switching out your light bulbs to insulating your windows - really sexy stuff...
+
+TAGLE: (Laughter).
+
+HARLAN: ...Here. I know. But it does make a difference. So just search LIFE KIT, climate change and home, and it should be one of the first results.
+
+TAGLE: Yes, please. And there's a lot more where that came from.
+
+HARLAN: The planet will thank you, and so will we.
+
+TAGLE: Yes, we will. Thanks Beck.
+
+HARLAN: Thank you.
+
+(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)
+
+TAGLE: And that brings us to the end of our episode. We hope we inspired you to start being more sustainable in your corner of the planet. But if these tips don't do quite enough for you, don't forget about the two very powerful tools already in your toolbox - your voice and your vote. Run for local office. Write to your politicians and demand more climate action. Tell your favorite companies what green practices you want to see from them or divest from ones that don't have them. Amplify the work of climate scientists on your social media or voice your support for sustainability bills. We can all make a big impact with our words, our wallets and the ballot box. The time is now.
+
+You can find the full version of all the episodes we talked about today at /lifekit. And if you love LIFE KIT and want more, subscribe to our newsletter at /lifekitnewsletter. And now, a random tip from one of our listeners.
+
+CHRIS MAHAFFEY: My name is Chris Mahaffey (ph). I make a lot of hummus, but cleaning up after hummus is actually not that fun. So what I've started doing is putting soap and water into the blender and pressing pulse multiple times to get it cleaned on its own. That way, you pour the water right out, do a little scrubbing, and you're fine.
+
+TAGLE: If you've got a good tip, leave us a voicemail at 202-216-9823, or email us a voice memo at lifekit@npr.org. This episode of LIFE KIT was produced by Sylvie Douglis with engineering support from the fabulous team at NPR West - Robert Rodriguez (ph), Gilly Moon and Maggie Luthar. Meghan Keane is the managing producer. Beth Donovan is the senior editor. Our production team also includes Audrey Nguyen, Clare Marie Schneider and Mansee Khurana. Our digital editor is Dalia Mortada, and our visuals editor is Beck Harlan. I'm Andee Tagle. Thanks for listening.
+
+(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)
+
+Topics
+
+News
+Culture
+Music
+Contact Us Terms of Use Permissions Privacy Policy
+© NPR

examples/eval-summarization/articles/2.txt

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+Text-Only Version Go To Full Site
+
+NPR > World
+
+U.K. Parliament approves a plan to deport asylum-seekers to Rwanda
+By Fatima Al-Kassab
+
+Updated Monday, April 22, 2024 • 10:47 PM EDT
+
+LONDON — More than two years after it was first introduced, the British government's controversial plan to deport asylum-seekers to Rwanda was approved by Parliament early Tuesday.
+
+The unelected House of Lords cleared the way for the bill to become law after dropping the last of its suggested amendments just after midnight, The Associated Press reported.
+
+Even before his flagship policy passed, British Prime Minister Rishi Sunak on Monday took to a lectern emblazoned with the slogan "stop the boats" — a reference to one of his key election campaign pledges. At a press conference, he told reporters he would stop at nothing to pass the legislation, in order to deter people without visas from crossing the English Channel from France to England.
+
+Related Story: U.K. Supreme Court to weigh legality of plan to deport migrants to Rwanda
+"No ifs, no buts. These flights are going to Rwanda," Sunak said.
+
+The plan is to send some of the people the government says arrive illegally in the U.K. to Rwanda, where local authorities would process their asylum claims.
+
+The U.K. signed a deal with Rwanda in April 2022, in which Rwanda agreed to process and settle asylum-seekers who initially arrive in Britain.
+
+Related Story: Sending asylum-seekers from Britain to Rwanda is human trafficking, an advocate says
+The U.K. government says the threat of being deported to Rwanda will deter migrants from making the dangerous journey across the Channel. It recorded more than 4,600 migrants crossing the Channel from January to March, surpassing a previous total for that period.
+
+Critics and lawmakers say there's no evidence the plan would work as a deterrent.
+
+Related Story: In this Rwandan village, survivors and perpetrators of the genocide live side by side
+Sunak, who is trailing in the polls ahead of an election expected this fall, is staking his Conservative Party's reelection campaign on this plan, despite several legal challenges from top British and European courts. In one of his latest moves, last year, Sunak introduced "emergency" legislation to write into British law that Rwanda is a safe country, in an attempt to salvage the plan after it was struck down by the U.K. Supreme Court.
+
+Related Story: The U.K. Supreme Court has struck down a plan to send asylum-seekers to Rwanda
+No flights deporting migrants have left from London for Rwanda in the two years since the plan was first announced by then-Prime Minister Boris Johnson. In June 2022, a plane was grounded by an eleventh-hour ruling from the European Court of Human Rights, which intervened to stop the deportation of one of the asylum-seekers on the flight.
+
+This provided grounds for the remaining six people on the flight to put forward legal challenges in London courts. Last year, NPR spoke with an asylum-seeker from Iran, who was on that grounded plane.
+
+"They treated us like criminals and murderers. Every knock on the door, I think it's the authorities coming to escort us back to that plane," the man, now living temporarily in a hotel, told NPR.
+
+The plan has drawn widespread criticism from human rights groups and lawmakers from different parties, including some in Sunak's own party, who say it is incompatible with the U.K.'s responsibilities under international human rights law. Many also say it's no coincidence that Sunak is pushing this through Parliament within months of an expected election.
+
+"A lot of this is performative cruelty," says Daniel Merriman, a lawyer who has represented some of the asylum-seekers who were slated to be deported to Rwanda in the past. "The elephant in the room in the upcoming election."
+
+Opinion polls show the British public is largely divided over the idea of deporting asylum-seekers to Rwanda.
+
+"On the principle, people are split down the middle really," says Sunder Katwala, director of British Future, a nonpartisan think tank that researches public attitudes. "On the question of whether it's going to happen, whether it's going to work and whether it'll be value for money, there's a majority that are very skeptical of this already."
+
+The British government has already paid Rwanda nearly $300 million to take asylum-seekers Britain doesn't want.
+
+While Sunak's Conservatives largely support the transfer to Rwanda, some hard-liners in his party say the latest version of the legislation, which has been rewritten several times, isn't tough enough. Suella Braverman, a former home secretary who spearheaded the Rwanda plan when she was in office, said the latest version was "fatally flawed," with "too many loopholes" that would fail to stop the crossings.
+
+While Sunak may have overcome one hurdle this week, experts say he can expect others.
+
+"His real headaches might be ahead. Now he's got to show whether it works or not," Katwala says.
+
+One challenge may be getting an airline to agree to participate. On Monday, experts from the United Nations' High Commissioner for Human Rights warned aviation authorities against facilitating what it called "unlawful removals" of asylum-seekers to Rwanda, saying they risk violating international human rights laws.
+
+And court challenges could delay the legislation from being implemented, Tim Bale, a politics professor at Queen Mary University of London, told The Associated Press.
+
+"I don't think it is necessarily home and dry," he said. "We will see some attempts to block deportations legally."
+
+Topics
+
+News
+Culture
+Music
+Contact Us Terms of Use Permissions Privacy Policy
+© NPR

examples/eval-summarization/articles/3.txt

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+Text-Only Version Go To Full Site
+
+NPR > World
+
+Mexico's leading presidential candidate is stopped by masked men at checkpoint
+By Eyder Peralta
+
+Monday, April 22, 2024 • 5:26 PM EDT
+
+MEXICO CITY -Mexico is a country in the midst of a deadly turf war between rival cartels and government security forces.
+
+One of the symbols of that turf war are checkpoints. Sometimes they are run by municipal police or the military, other times they are run by mysterious masked men. They usually ask you a few questions, take a few notes and you're off to your destination.
+
+On Sunday, Claudia Sheinbaum, the leading presidential candidate in Mexico, was stopped at one of those roadblocks by a group of men covering their faces with ski masks.
+
+Twitter
+In video of the encounter, Sheinbaum, who is on track to become Mexico's first female president, looks on as one man tells her: "When you get to power, remember the mountains, remember the poor people. That's all we have to say. We are not against the government; we are here so you see the disaster that is Comalapa."
+
+Comalapa is a small town in Chiapas, a state in southern Mexico that borders Guatemala and used to be relatively peaceful. But as Mexico's two biggest organized crime groups — the Sinaloa Cartel and the Jalisco New Generation Cartel — have tried to extend into new territory, their fighting has brought chaos to Chiapas.
+
+So, who were these mysterious people in masks? Latinus, an online news site that was there when it happened, says they are "autodefensas," armed civilians who patrol their communities.
+
+In comments to the press, Sheinbaum did not clear up anything. Instead, she intimated this was staged by her monied opponents.
+
+"They said they were villagers, that they weren't hoity toities. It's all very strange," Sheinbaum said. One reporter points out that some of the villagers told them the masked men were in fact members of the Sinaloa cartel. "I don't believe it," says Sheinbaum.
+
+In his morning briefing, President Andrés Manuel López Obrador downplayed the incident.
+
+"This is propaganda," López Obrador said, adding that the masked people had very likely been planted by political enemies. The incident will be investigated, the president said, but he said it was not "very serious."
+
+But the encounter at the checkpoint reveals the tenuous security situation in the country. As the cartels fight for territory and power, they have turned parts of Mexico into some of the most violent places on Earth. And the violence has not spared politicians. This political season alone, 17 candidates have been assassinated. Two mayoral candidates were found dead just last Friday. So far, according to the AP, the government has offered police protection to 250 candidates.
+
+Tiziano Breda, who studies political violence in Mexico at the Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project, says it's hard to see an incident like this as anything but a threat to Mexico's leading presidential candidate.
+
+The government of López Obrador, he said, has customarily dismissed incidents like this, because if it admits that organized crime or some other group is trying to intimidate Mexico's leading presidential candidate in such a crass way, it would be a tacit acknowledgment that "things are really out of control."
+
+"It means that the government hasn't been able to rein in organized crime and has actually somehow allowed it to grow even further to this level," he said.
+
+Sheinbaum, whose wide lead in opinion polls puts her on track to become Mexico's first woman president in the June 2 elections, campaigns without much security.
+
+Her campaign has mostly skirted the violence afflicting Mexico and focused on the social programs that have made the current president hugely popular. Her opponent, Xóchitl Gálvez, has focused on security. Her campaign slogan is: "For a Mexico without fear."
+
+Topics
+
+News
+Culture
+Music
+Contact Us Terms of Use Permissions Privacy Policy
+© NPR

examples/eval-summarization/articles/4.txt

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+Text-Only Version Go To Full Site
+
+NPR > National
+
+Despite a fortified border, migrants will keep coming, analysts agree. Here's why.
+By Sergio Martínez-Beltrán
+
+Monday, April 22, 2024 • 5:04 PM EDT
+
+The U.S. southern border is as fortified as ever and Texas is carrying out its own enforcement to stop people from crossing illegally, yet observers and analysts agree on this: migrants not only will continue to come, but their numbers will likely increase in the coming months.
+
+The expected surge can be attributed not only to seasonal migration patterns, but an increase of people displaced by war, poverty, and climate factors in all continents.
+
+And why do these analysts say this?
+
+They keep a close eye on the Darién Gap in Panama and the borders between Central American countries, two key points to gauge the number of people venturing up north.
+
+"In most countries (outward) migration has increased ... particularly in Venezuela, and that's not really reflected yet in the U.S. numbers," said Adam Isacson, an analyst of border and migration patterns at the Washington Office on Latin America, a nonpartisan research and advocacy organization based in Washington D.C.
+
+Despite Mexico's cracking down on migrants, Isacson said people are still making their way up north, even if they need to pause for months at different points during their journey.
+
+"There must be a huge number of people from Venezuela bottled up in Mexico right now," he said.
+
+The Darién Gap serves as a good barometer for migration flows.
+
+This 100-mile-long tropical jungle between Colombia and Panama has claimed the lives of hundreds of migrants, according to a report from the Migration Policy Institute, a Washington, D.C.-based think tank.
+
+Yet the dangers at this jungle are not a deterrent, said Ariel Ruiz Soto, a senior policy analyst with this organization. The majority of people migrating are from Venezuela.
+
+"The reason why I referred to Venezuelans in particular is because they represent a key challenge for removals from Mexico and from the United States to Venezuela," Ruiz Soto said.
+
+Mexico and the U.S. had been flying Venezuelan migrants back to the South American country. However, earlier this year, Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro stopped accepting flights from the U.S. in response to economic sanctions imposed by the Biden administration.
+
+Panama reported a 2% increase in crossings through the Darién Gap in February compared to the previous month.
+
+What the numbers show
+Analysts are projecting the increase in the remaining months of the fiscal year, even though U.S. Customs and Border Protection reported a 2.2% decrease in encounters with migrants along the Southern border in March. An encounter is every time a migrant is picked up by immigration authorities.
+
+These numbers are consistent with cyclical patterns of illegal crossings that dip in the winter months, followed by more migrants attempting to get to the U.S. as warm weather arrives, said Ruiz Soto.
+
+In a statement, CBP Spokesperson Erin Waters said the agency remains vigilant to "continually shifting migration patterns" amid "historic global migration."
+
+Waters said the agency has also been partnering with Mexico to curb the flow of people migrating to the U.S.
+
+Mexico has commissioned its National Guard to patrol its borders with Guatemala and the U.S.
+
+"CBP continues to work with our partners throughout the hemisphere, including the Government of Mexico, and around the world to disrupt the criminal networks who take advantage of and profit from vulnerable migrants," Waters said.
+
+Where are migrants crossing the border?
+For the last few months, more migrants are attempting to cross through Arizona instead of Texas, according to CBP.
+
+In 2023, the El Paso and Del Rio sector in Texas saw more crossings than any other place across the 2,000-mile Southern border. But this year the Tucson sector in Arizona has seen a 167% increase in crossings, more than any other.
+
+Tiffany Burrow, operations director at Val Verde Border Humanitarian Coalition, an assistance organization for newly border crossers in Del Rio, said she has seen the shift.
+
+"It's empty," Burrow said, pointing to her organizations' office. "There are no migrants."
+
+In March, she helped only three migrants after they were released by CBP pending their court date. In December, they helped 13,511 migrants.
+
+Burrow said that's how migration works — it ebbs and flows.
+
+"We have to be ready to adapt," Burrow said.
+
+Texas' role
+Burrow and other immigrant advocates are closely observing Texas' ramping up of border enforcement.
+
+In 2021 Gov. Greg Abbott launched Operation Lone Star initiative and deployed the Texas National Guard. Last year the state started lining up razor wire in sections of the Rio Grande.
+
+Texas is also asking the courts to be allowed to implement a law passed last year by the Republican-controlled legislature, known as SB4, which requires local and state police to arrest migrants they suspect are in the country illegally.
+
+It might be too early to know if all these efforts will have an impact on migration patterns, analysts said, considering that Texas saw the highest number of illegal crossings last year.
+
+But, Mike Banks, special advisor on border matters to Abbott, said the state's efforts are fruitful.
+
+Texas has spent over $11 billion in this initiative.
+
+"The vast majority of the United States' southern border is in Texas, and because of Texas' efforts to secure the border, more migrants are moving west to illegally cross the border into other states," said Mike Banks in a statement to NPR.
+
+Ruiz Soto, from the Migrant Policy Institute, said the impact of Texas' policies on arrivals "is likely to be minimal over the long term."
+
+Carla Angulo-Pasel, an assistant professor who specializes in border studies and international migration at the University of Texas at Rio Grande Valley, said that even with Texas' policies in place, migrants are likely to continue to cross.
+
+"You can't claim, as much as I think Gov. Abbott wants to claim, that Operation Lone Star is going to somehow mean that you're going to see less numbers in Texas because that hasn't held true," Angulo-Pasel said. "We could also argue that things are going to progressively get more and more as the spring months progress."
+
+Topics
+
+News
+Culture
+Music
+Contact Us Terms of Use Permissions Privacy Policy
+© NPR

examples/eval-summarization/articles/5.txt

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+Text-Only Version Go To Full Site
+
+NPR > Law
+
+Supreme Court appears to side with an Oregon city's crackdown on homelessness
+By Jennifer Ludden
+
+Updated Monday, April 22, 2024 • 7:15 PM EDT
+
+Heard on All Things Considered
+
+In a major case on homelessness, the U.S. Supreme Court on Monday appeared to side with an Oregon city's crackdown on sleeping in public. The decision could have sweeping implications for the record number of people living in tents and cars, and the cities and states struggling to manage them.
+
+The Supreme Court had declined to hear a similar case out of Boise, Idaho, in 2019. But since then rates of homelessness have spiked. An annual federal count found more than 250,000 people living in parks, on streets, and in their vehicles. Sprawling street encampments have grown larger and expanded to new places, igniting intense backlash from residents and businesses.
+
+The current case centers on the small city of Grants Pass, Ore., which has a population just under 40,000 and is a symbol of just how widespread the homelessness problem has become. A slew of other cities and states — led by Democrats and Republicans alike — urged the justices to take up this issue.
+
+Cities say the courts have hamstrung efforts to address homelessness
+In both the Boise and Grants Pass cases, lower courts said that under the Eighth Amendment it's cruel and unusual to fine or jail someone for sleeping on public land if there's no adequate shelter available. But Grants Pass and many other cities across the West say those rulings have tied their hands as they try to keep their public spaces open and safe for everyone.
+
+Related Story: Why homeless people are losing health coverage in Medicaid mix-ups
+Related Story: Migrant surge, homelessness testing Denver's new mayor
+Grants Pass has no public shelter. But its local law essentially banned people from sleeping with a blanket or pillow on any public land, at any time.
+
+During Monday's arguments, the Supreme Court's more liberal justices suggested this amounts to unlawfully targeting people simply because they're homeless. "You don't arrest babies who have blankets over them. You don't arrest people who are sleeping on the beach," said Justice Sotomayor.
+
+Justice Kagan said sleeping is not a criminal act. "Sleeping is a biological necessity. It's sort of like breathing. ... But I wouldn't expect you to criminalize breathing in public."
+
+But the court's conservative justices said it can be hard to draw the line between someone's conduct — which can be legally punished — and a status they are unable to change — which cannot be punished. "How about if there are no public bathroom facilities?" Justice Gorsuch asked. "Do people have an Eighth Amendment right to defecate and urinate? Is that conduct or is that status?"
+
+Over and over, conservative justices also said homelessness is a complex policy problem and questioned whether courts like theirs should "micromanage" it.
+
+"Why would you think that these nine people are the best people to judge and weigh those policy judgments?" Chief Justice Roberts asked.
+
+Whatever the decision, this case won't solve the homelessness problem
+States and cities across the U.S. have struggled to manage record rates of homelessness. Some in the West have found ways to limit encampments and even clear them out without running afoul of the 9th Circuit rulings. Elsewhere, several states have taken a more sweeping approach with camping bans. Florida's governor recently signed a law that seeks to move unhoused people off public property altogether and into government-run encampments.
+
+Some worry that a decision in favor of Grants Pass will lead to more such moves or even a worst-case scenario of a "banishment race" if communities seek to push people out of their jurisdiction. Justice Sotomayor raised that concern during the arguments.
+
+"Where do we put them if every city, every village, every town lacks compassion?" she said.
+
+Related Story: How far can cities go to clear homeless camps? The U.S. Supreme Court will decide
+Grants Pass and other cities argue that the 9th Circuit's ruling has fueled the expansion of homeless encampments. But whichever way the case is decided, it's not likely to dramatically bring down the enormous number of people living outside in tents and vehicles. Many places simply don't have enough shelter beds for everyone. And more importantly, they don't have nearly enough permanent, affordable housing. The city of Grants Pass is short by 4,000 housing units; nationally, the deficit is in the millions.
+
+That shortage has pushed rents to levels many cannot afford, which advocates say is a main driver of rising homelessness. Even where places are investing heavily to create more affordable housing, it will take a while to catch up. This Supreme Court case won't solve any of that, but it could dramatically shape the lives of those forced to live on streets, parks and back alleys for years to come.
+
+Transcript
+MARY LOUISE KELLY, HOST:
+
+The Supreme Court heard arguments today in a major case on homelessness. The case has sweeping implications for the quarter of a million people in the U.S. living on streets, in parks or in cars. The court's conservative justices appeared to side with an Oregon city's crackdown on sleeping in public. Well, NPR's Jennifer Ludden was at the court. She is with me now. Hey there.
+
+JENNIFER LUDDEN, BYLINE: Hi there.
+
+KELLY: OK, so obviously, this is not just a town in Oregon. This is cities and towns all over the country that have a stake in how this case turns out. I mean, we know that rates of homelessness are at a record high. What specifically was the legal question before justices today?
+
+LUDDEN: So the crux in this case is whether cities can punish people for sleeping outside if they have nowhere else to go. And this all started back in 2018. There was a landmark case heard out of Idaho, and the court said no - the lower court said, no, you cannot do this. It is cruel and unusual punishment under the Eighth Amendment. Now, the small city of Grants Pass, Ore., is challenging that ruling, which leads us to today's arguments.
+
+KELLY: OK.
+
+LUDDEN: Grants Pass essentially banned people from sleeping outside with a blanket or a pillow on any public land at any time, even though it has no public shelter. And when the lower courts again said, that is unconstitutional, they appealed to the Supreme Court.
+
+KELLY: OK. So the attorneys for Grants Pass laid out the city's case. How did it land?
+
+LUDDEN: Well, the court's more liberal justices jumped in right away, accusing Grants Pass of targeting people simply because their homelessness - they're homeless. Justice Sotomayor said, you don't arrest sleeping babies. You don't arrest people who fall asleep on a beach. You only arrest people who don't have a home. At one point, when the attorney for Grants Pass was talking, Justice Kagan interrupted to say, look, sleeping is not a criminal act.
+
+(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING)
+
+ELENA KAGAN: Sleeping is a biological necessity. It's sort of like breathing. I mean, you could say breathing is conduct, too, but presumably you would not think that it's OK to criminalize breathing in public.
+
+LUDDEN: Her point was the law in Grants Pass amounts to targeting who people are not what they do, what the law calls status versus conduct. And courts have said that is illegal. But conservative justices do not appear to be buying that in this case.
+
+KELLY: OK. And what points were conservative justices making?
+
+LUDDEN: Well, for one thing, they said over and over that it can be hard to draw this line between someone's conduct and their status. Here's Justice Gorsuch in an exchange with the deputy U.S. solicitor general.
+
+(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING)
+
+NEIL GORSUCH: How about if there are no public bathroom facilities? Can - do people have an Eighth Amendment right to defecate and urinate...
+
+BRIAN FLETCHER: No, we...
+
+GORSUCH: Is that conduct or is that status?
+
+LUDDEN: There were a lot of hypotheticals like this, but the conservatives' biggest point was how complicated homelessness policy is, and questioning whether judges should be micromanaging of that. Chief Justice Roberts said, of course, the solution is to build more shelter for people, but...
+
+(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING)
+
+JOHN ROBERTS: The municipalities have competing priorities. I mean, what if there are lead pipes in the water? Do you build the homeless shelter, or do you take care of the lead pipes? Why would you think that these nine people are the best people to judge and weigh those policy judgments?
+
+LUDDEN: And that last question of his is exactly the point that lots of cities and states across the country are making, places led by Democrats and Republicans alike, who support Grants Pass, and they say they need more flexibility to keep their own public spaces safe and open for everyone without getting hit by lawsuits over how they do it.
+
+KELLY: Well, let's step back and look at this more broadly. If Grants Pass prevails in this case, how would it affect the country more broadly?
+
+LUDDEN: So, of course, we don't know how narrow or broad any decision would be. But for homeless advocates, the worry is that more places would be encouraged to enact harsher policies. Some states have already passed pretty aggressive bans on camping. Florida's governor recently signed a law that seeks to move unhoused people off public property altogether and into government-run encampments. Cities like Grants Pass say, look, if they have more enforcement powers, they could get more people into shelters and help them find housing. But nothing in this case will solve the bigger problem, which is the severe lack of affordable housing in the U.S., which is really helping fuel homelessness.
+
+KELLY: NPR's Jennifer Ludden. Thank you.
+
+LUDDEN: Thank you.
+
+Topics
+
+News
+Culture
+Music
+Contact Us Terms of Use Permissions Privacy Policy
+© NPR

examples/eval-summarization/articles/6.txt

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+Text-Only Version Go To Full Site
+
+NPR > Politics
+
+California proposes law to allow Arizona doctors to perform abortions as ban proceeds
+By Joe Hernandez
+
+Monday, April 22, 2024 • 1:42 PM EDT
+
+California Gov. Gavin Newsom says the state is working on emergency legislation that would allow doctors from Arizona to come to California to provide abortions.
+
+The announcement comes days after the Arizona Supreme Court ruled that the state should follow a law from the 1860s that outlaws abortions in all cases except when the pregnant person's life is in danger.
+
+Newsom, a Democrat, said Sunday during an appearance on MSNBC's Inside with Jen Psaki that California is in a position to help those who are set to lose the ability to have an abortion in neighboring Arizona.
+
+"I think really we need to start focusing on making the kind of progress that's needed," Newsom said.
+
+On Monday, Newsom spokesperson Brandon Richards told NPR via email that the administration was working closely with the California legislature on the proposal and also coordinating with the offices of Arizona Gov. Katie Hobbs and Arizona Attorney General Kris Mayes, both of whom are Democrats.
+
+"Arizona AG Kris Mayes identified a need to expedite the ability for Arizona abortion providers to continue to provide care to Arizonans as a way to support patients in their state seeking abortion care in California," Richards said. "We are responding to this call and will have more details to share in the coming days."
+
+Related Story: Trump backed a federal abortion ban as president. Now, he says he wouldn't sign one
+The Arizona Supreme Court justices stayed enforcement of their April 9 ruling for 14 days and possibly longer, permitting abortions to continue for now.
+
+Since the U.S. Supreme Court reversed Roe v. Wade in 2022 and eliminated the constitutional right to an abortion, a number of more conservative states have been limiting or banning the procedure, while other states have taken steps to protect reproductive rights, including California.
+
+Over the weekend, Newsom also debuted a new TV ad through his Campaign for Democracy PAC that depicts a fictional scene of two women being pulled over by a police officer and asked to take a pregnancy test just before they can drive out of state.
+
+Related Story: Arizona Gov. Hobbs is determined to repeal state's near total abortion ban
+According to the PAC, lawmakers in Alabama, Tennessee and Oklahoma have introduced legislation to bar minors from traveling out of state to get an abortion without parental consent.
+
+All three states have among the "most restrictive" laws against abortion, according to the Guttmacher Institute, a research group that supports abortion rights and tracks abortion laws across the U.S.
+
+"Alabama's abortion ban has no exceptions for rape or incest. Now, Republicans are trying to criminalize young women's travel to receive abortion care," Newsom said in a post on X. "We cannot let them get away with this."
+
+In November a federal judge temporarily blocked an Idaho law that was intended to prevent minors from going out of state to obtain abortions without parental consent.
+
+Topics
+
+News
+Culture
+Music
+Contact Us Terms of Use Permissions Privacy Policy
+© NPRText-Only Version Go To Full Site
+
+NPR > Politics
+
+California proposes law to allow Arizona doctors to perform abortions as ban proceeds
+By Joe Hernandez
+
+Monday, April 22, 2024 • 1:42 PM EDT
+
+California Gov. Gavin Newsom says the state is working on emergency legislation that would allow doctors from Arizona to come to California to provide abortions.
+
+The announcement comes days after the Arizona Supreme Court ruled that the state should follow a law from the 1860s that outlaws abortions in all cases except when the pregnant person's life is in danger.
+
+Newsom, a Democrat, said Sunday during an appearance on MSNBC's Inside with Jen Psaki that California is in a position to help those who are set to lose the ability to have an abortion in neighboring Arizona.
+
+"I think really we need to start focusing on making the kind of progress that's needed," Newsom said.
+
+On Monday, Newsom spokesperson Brandon Richards told NPR via email that the administration was working closely with the California legislature on the proposal and also coordinating with the offices of Arizona Gov. Katie Hobbs and Arizona Attorney General Kris Mayes, both of whom are Democrats.
+
+"Arizona AG Kris Mayes identified a need to expedite the ability for Arizona abortion providers to continue to provide care to Arizonans as a way to support patients in their state seeking abortion care in California," Richards said. "We are responding to this call and will have more details to share in the coming days."
+
+Related Story: Trump backed a federal abortion ban as president. Now, he says he wouldn't sign one
+The Arizona Supreme Court justices stayed enforcement of their April 9 ruling for 14 days and possibly longer, permitting abortions to continue for now.
+
+Since the U.S. Supreme Court reversed Roe v. Wade in 2022 and eliminated the constitutional right to an abortion, a number of more conservative states have been limiting or banning the procedure, while other states have taken steps to protect reproductive rights, including California.
+
+Over the weekend, Newsom also debuted a new TV ad through his Campaign for Democracy PAC that depicts a fictional scene of two women being pulled over by a police officer and asked to take a pregnancy test just before they can drive out of state.
+
+Related Story: Arizona Gov. Hobbs is determined to repeal state's near total abortion ban
+According to the PAC, lawmakers in Alabama, Tennessee and Oklahoma have introduced legislation to bar minors from traveling out of state to get an abortion without parental consent.
+
+All three states have among the "most restrictive" laws against abortion, according to the Guttmacher Institute, a research group that supports abortion rights and tracks abortion laws across the U.S.
+
+"Alabama's abortion ban has no exceptions for rape or incest. Now, Republicans are trying to criminalize young women's travel to receive abortion care," Newsom said in a post on X. "We cannot let them get away with this."
+
+In November a federal judge temporarily blocked an Idaho law that was intended to prevent minors from going out of state to obtain abortions without parental consent.
+
+Topics
+
+News
+Culture
+Music
+Contact Us Terms of Use Permissions Privacy Policy
+© NPR

examples/eval-summarization/articles/7.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+Text-Only Version Go To Full Site
+
+NPR > Education
+
+Columbia University shifts classes to remote-only after a wave of protests on campus
+By Juliana Kim
+
+Monday, April 22, 2024 • 12:46 PM EDT
+
+Columbia University announced that all classes will be remote on Monday in an attempt to "deescalate the rancor" amid growing tensions on campus over Israel's war in Gaza.
+
+"The decibel of our disagreements has only increased in recent days," school president Minouche Shafik said in a statement. "We need a reset."
+
+The switch to virtual learning comes just days after dozens of Columbia students were suspended and arrested over a protest encampment on the school's lawn, which called for the university to divest from companies with ties to Israel.
+
+Meanwhile, at Yale University on Monday morning, officers arrested students who had similarly set up tents on campus urging the university to divest. The Yale Police Department told NPR that 40 to 45 people were arrested.
+
+Twitter
+These flashpoints are the latest in what has been a months-long streak of turmoil on college campuses since Hamas' Oct. 7 attack on Israel. Attackers killed 1,200 people and took another roughly 250 hostage, Israel said.
+
+Israel's subsequent invasion of Gaza has killed over 34,000 Palestinians — two-thirds of whom were women and children, according to local health officials. Israel says around 100 hostages remain in Gaza.
+
+Related Story: NYPD breaks up pro-Palestinian protest at Columbia University
+A Columbia University rabbi advises Jewish students to stay home
+On Wednesday, Columbia students against Israel's war and blockade in Gaza set up camp on the school's south lawn in what was called the "Gaza Solidarity Encampment." It occurred the same day that Shafik testified in Congress that antisemitism was a serious problem on campus and that it would not be tolerated.
+
+The next day, Shafik called in the New York Police Department. In a statement, she said that the demonstration posed "a clear and present danger to the substantial functioning of the University." She added that students received multiple warnings that they were violating campus protocol. More than 100 people were taken into custody.
+
+Related Story: At antisemitism hearing, Columbia official tells lawmakers, 'We have a moral crisis'
+Tensions remained heated on campus over the weekend. On Sunday, Elie Buechler, a rabbi who works at Columbia, advised Jewish students to return home and stay home citing safety concerns. His message came a day before the start of the Jewish holiday Passover.
+
+"It deeply pains me to say that I would strongly recommend you return home as soon as possible and remain home until the reality in and around campus has dramatically improved," Buechler wrote in a group chat with students.
+
+He also expressed disappointment over the administration's response to antisemitism on campus. According to the Spectator, as students played Israeli music and waved the Israeli flag in a demonstration Saturday night, one individual approached with a sign that read "Al Qasam's next targets." (Al-Qassam Brigades is Hamas' military wing, responsible for numerous attacks against Israel.)
+
+Columbia University did not immediately respond to NPR's request for comment.
+
+Students from schools across the U.S. stage encampments in solidarity
+The arrests themselves garnered swift criticism on and off campus.
+
+The editorial board of the student newspaper, the Columbia Daily Spectator, wrote that the university had ignored "countless pleas to engage meaningfully with students, opting instead to continue down a path of surveillance, oppression, and authoritarian policies."
+
+The American Association of University Professors chapter at Columbia and Barnard College said it condemned the arrest of students engaging in peaceful protest.
+
+"We demand that all Barnard College and Columbia University suspensions and charges be dismissed immediately," the chapter said in a statement Saturday.
+
+Over the past few days, students from other schools set up their own protest encampment, largely in solidarity with the Columbia students who were arrested. They also called for divestment from Israel.
+
+According to news reports and social media posts, encampments have been staged at Yale, New York University, MIT, Tufts University, Emerson College and The New School based in New York City.
+
+Twitter
+At Yale, some 40 tents and hundreds of protesters occupied Beinecke Plaza at the center of campus starting Friday night, according to the Yale Daily News. The student newspaper also reported Sunday night that the demonstration "remained peaceful."
+
+On Monday morning, a Yale spokesperson told YDN, "The university made the decision to arrest those individuals who would not leave the Plaza with the safety and security of the entire Yale community in mind and to allow access to university facilities by all members of our community."
+
+Universities clampdown on student activists
+Columbia and Yale are not the only schools where leaders are taking action against student protesters on their campuses.
+
+Related Story: The war in Gaza is a big story on campus. These student reporters aren't shying away
+Earlier this month, three students from Vanderbilt University were expelled after a group of student protesters stormed into the university president's office, injuring a campus security guard, according to the Vanderbilt Hustler student newspaper.
+
+Last week, the University of Southern California canceled its valedictorian's commencement speech due to unspecified safety concerns. At the time, the valedictorian, Asna Tabassum, a first-generation Muslim American, stirred controversy with her social media posts related to the Israel-Hamas conflict.
+
+"Over the past several days, discussion relating to the selection of our valedictorian has taken on an alarming tenor," said Andrew T. Guzmam, provost and senior vice president for academic affairs at USC, in a statement on Monday.
+
+On Saturday, the University of Pennsylvania announced that it shut down the student group Penn Students Against the Occupation of Palestine over failure to "comply with policies that govern student organizations at Penn." UPenn did not immediately respond to NPR's request for comment.
+
+Topics
+
+News
+Culture
+Music
+Contact Us Terms of Use Permissions Privacy Policy
+© NPR

examples/eval-summarization/articles/8.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+Text-Only Version Go To Full Site
+
+NPR > Technology
+
+TikTok ban expected to become law, but it's not so simple. What's next?
+By Bobby Allyn
+
+Monday, April 22, 2024 • 6:59 PM EDT
+
+Legislation forcing TikTok to be sold, or face a nationwide ban, is moving rapidly through Congress and is expected to become law this week.
+
+Nobody anticipates that the app will disappear any time soon, but the measure has set off alarms inside TikTok, which is, yet again, preparing to go to court to fight for its existence in the U.S.
+
+What happened?
+On Saturday, the House passed a measure giving ByteDance, TikTok's China- based owner, up to a year to divest from the hit video-sharing app or be put out of business in the U.S.
+
+Since it was added to an aid package providing support for Israel and Ukraine, it passed overwhelmingly. It is expected to be approved by the Senate on Tuesday. President Biden has signaled that he will sign it.
+
+Related Story: Montana becomes 1st state to approve a full ban of TikTok
+It will mark the first time ever Congress has passed legislation aimed at shutting down a social media platform, something U.S. government officials have long criticized other nations for doing.
+
+Lawmakers from both parties say TikTok is a national security risk, fearing Chinese government officials could ask the app for data on millions of Americans, or push the service to amplify disinformation ahead of the November election.
+
+TikTok has long said the Chinese government has never asked for Americans' data, and if it were asked, the company says it would refuse to comply. But under Chinese national intelligence laws, TikTok would be legally bound to hand over information on American users of the app.
+
+Critics of the legislation argue TikTok is being unfairly caught up in the geopolitical tensions between the U.S. and China, pointing out that China has already amassed digital dossiers on Americans through suspected hacking operations, leaving little need for data on how millions of Americans are watching videos on TikTok.
+
+What happens when Biden signs the bill?
+An immediate legal battle.
+
+NPR has confirmed that TikTok is readying a federal lawsuit seeking to block the law.
+
+The company is planning to allege that curbing the speech of the 170 million Americans who use the platform is a First Amendment violation.
+
+Related Story: Lawmakers grilled TikTok CEO Chew for 5 hours in a high-stakes hearing about the app
+Experts say allowing the government to limit speech requires clearing a very tall legal hurdle, but one way to do so is by proving the speech restriction was enacted in the name of national security, which has long been the justification for cracking down on TikTok.
+
+Yet lawmakers have not offered any public evidence showing that the Chinese government has ever weaponized TikTok against Americans.
+
+TikTok has a history of court wins
+Previous attempts to shutter TikTok in the U.S. have not been successful.
+
+Three separate federal district judges have blocked efforts to ban TikTok — two courts during the Trump administration, and one more recently in Montana.
+
+Related Story: U.S. Judge Halts Trump's TikTok Ban, The 2nd Court To Fully Block The Action
+U.S. District Court Judge Wendy Beetlestone in Philadelphia found in 2020 that TikTok's national security threat is "phrased in the hypothetical."
+
+In late 2023, U.S. District Court Judge Donald Molloy in Missoula said that a crusade by officials in Montana to block TikTok within the state's borders had a "pervasive undertone of anti-Chinese sentiment."
+
+Who would buy TikTok?
+Since the app is one of the largest and most valuable social media platforms in the world, analysts estimate that it could likely cost more than $100 billion.
+
+That means only the biggest technology companies, like Meta, Microsoft, Google and Amazon, would be able to afford to purchase the app, though the Biden administration's anti-trust enforcers would likely challenge such an acquisition.
+
+Other possible suiters include former Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin, who has said he's putting together a group of investors to try to buy TikTok.
+
+But any deal would require a blessing from the Chinese government, which, in 2020, placed "content-recommendation algorithms" on the country's export control list.
+
+That means that TikTok's much-coveted algorithm could only be sold with the approval of Beijing, and the Chinese government has indicated it would not approve the forced sale of TikTok's technology. Buying TikTok without its algorithm would be like purchasing ColaCola without its secret recipe. It would represent "an empty deal."
+
+Meta and Google would be the winners of a TikTok ban
+While there are many technical obstacles to enforcing the ban of a social media app, and ways to circumvent such a restriction, the legislation would make it illegal for web-hosting companies to support TikTok.
+
+It also would force Apple and Google to remove TikTok from its app stores, making it impossible for TikTok to receive critical software update, leading to its eventual, if very slow, death.
+
+Analysts have also said that the biggest beneficiaries of a TikTok ban would be Meta and Google, since TikTok users would likely move to Reels, a TikTok rival available on Meta-owned Instagram, or Google's competing service, YouTube Shorts.
+
+Before any of that becomes a possibility, though, TikTok and the Biden administration will be squaring up in court, where arguments over balancing free speech with national security could take years to finally resolve.
+
+While there is no telling exactly how quickly, or if ever, the legislation will prompt TikTok to be shuttered, the saga represents one of the most existential battles the app has ever faced.
+
+Topics
+
+News
+Culture
+Music
+Contact Us Terms of Use Permissions Privacy Policy
+© NPR

examples/eval-summarization/articles/9.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+Text-Only Version Go To Full Site
+
+NPR > Politics
+
+First day of Trump's hush money trial kicks off with opening statements and a witness
+By Ximena Bustillo
+
+Monday, April 22, 2024 • 1:19 PM EDT
+
+Just before 10 a.m. Monday, a jury of 18 every-day New Yorkers filed into the Manhattan courtroom where former President Donald Trump sat at the defense table.
+
+"Members of the jury, we are about to proceed with the outset of the trial of Donald J. Trump," pronounced Judge Juan Merchan.
+
+As Merchan began instructing the jury on their critical role over the next few weeks, Trump, the defendant, sat flanked by his legal team, occasionally looking down and slightly shifting in his chair.
+
+Trump faces 34 felony counts alleging that he falsified New York business records in order to conceal damaging information to influence the 2016 presidential election. Trump claims the trial itself is "election interference" because of how it is disrupting his 2024 bid for president. He has pleaded not guilty and instead argues that all he did was pay his lawyer.
+
+Merchan told the jurors that the burden of proof will be on the prosecutors, who must prove that Trump is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.
+
+Last week, 12 jurors and six alternates were selected to decide the fate of the former president. The trial has begun about a year after a grand jury originally delivered the indictment that set up this trial as the first against a sitting or former U.S. president.
+
+Jurors also began to hear from the first witness: David Pecker, former CEO of American Media, the publishing company of the National Enquirer magazine.
+
+Pecker, who was on the stand for less than a half hour before the first day wrapped at around lunchtime, testified to the editorial structure of his magazine and about the level of oversight he had on the stories. He also confirmed his phone numbers, which the prosecution suggested could be relevant later on.
+
+Related Story: Here's what you need to know about the first week of Trump's hush money trial
+Testimony should continue on Tuesday. Other witnesses for the prosecution are expected are former Trump fixer Michael Cohen and Keith Davidson, a former lawyer for a Playboy model.
+
+The prosecution delivers a lengthy detail of the alleged scheme
+Prosecutor Matthew Colangelo delivered the opening statement on behalf of the district attorney's team, detailing that this case is about "criminal conspiracy and coverup."
+
+He laid out what has long been Manhattan District Attorney Alvin Bragg's argument: He alleges there was a conspiracy created in part by Trump to conceal information that he had an affair with an adult film star out of fear that if that information got out, it could hurt his 2016 presidential electoral prospects.
+
+There were 34 "falsified" business records, Colangelo said, while detailing how the DA's office believes Trump coordinated with Cohen, his former fixer, and Pecker in August 2015. This resulted in Trump's oversight of various flattering stories about him, he said, and also of damaging information about his opponents.
+
+Colangelo said that this deal made in August also resulted in a "catch and kill" scheme to find these potentially damaging stories as Election Day got closer and make sure they were never released.
+
+He said Pecker found potentially damaging info and "killed it" by paying people off. First was Playboy Playmate Karen McDougal, who was going to allege publicly she had an affair with Trump. Trump "desperately" did not want this made public, Colangelo told the jury. The former president has denied having an affair with McDougal.
+
+Related Story: What to know about week 1 of Trump's criminal trial, with jury selection complete
+Three months before Election Day, a payment to McDougal was made, Colangelo said, with the help of Davidson, her lawyer. He also told the jury that they plan to play a recording of a phone call between Trump and Cohen about how to pay off Pecker and get the rights for the McDougal story.
+
+Further laying out the timeline, Colangelo noted the Access Hollywood tape was released a month before the election.
+
+"The campaign went into immediate damage control mode," Colangelo said, adding that Trump received word the next day that another woman was about to come forward with her own alleged sexual encounter with the GOP nominee — adult film star Stormy Daniels. Trump has also denied this encounter.
+
+A story of infidelity with a porn star would have been damaging to the campaign, Colangelo said, and Trump wanted to "prevent American voters from learning about that information before Election Day."
+
+Cohen created a shell company to send $130,000 payment to Daniels, made at Trump's direction and for his benefit and with the specific goal of preventing negative information that could have cost Trump the election, Colangelo argued.
+
+"It was election fraud. We will never know and it doesn't matter if this made the difference for him in the election," Colangelo said. "You will see from social media posts, speeches at campaign rallies" that Trump was worried about how this could "hurt standing with voters and female voters in particular."
+
+Colangelo foreshadowed that the jury will see text messages between the leadership of the National Enquirer questioning "what have we done?" They will also see how payments were calculated and disguised for tax purposes as well as evidence that "Trump is a frugal businessman ... but when it came to pay Cohen back, he didn't negotiate the price down. He doubled it, so he could disguise it as income," Colangelo said.
+
+"There was no retainer agreement, it was instead what they thought was a clever way to pay Cohen back without being obvious about it," Colangelo said, detailing that Cohen submitted 11 "phony invoices" paid for by checks with "false entries" signed by Trump himself.
+
+Colangelo also attempted to get ahead of potential criticism of testimony of Cohen, noting that the defense is likely to discredit him. "Cohen has made mistakes in the past," he said, adding that testimony also from Pecker and Davidson will corroborate what is said.
+
+"Tune out the noise. Focus on the fact," he closed.
+
+Defense sets up the argument: Trump did nothing illegal
+Trump, who largely seemed to look straight ahead or down during the prosecution's opening, turned to look at the jury when his lawyer stood at the lectern.
+
+"President Trump is innocent. Trump did not commit any crimes," said Todd Blanche. "He is also a man, a husband, a father, and just like me."
+
+Off the bat, Blanche told the jury that the story just detailed by the prosecution was not true and at the end of the trial there will be "plenty of reasonable doubt."
+
+Blanche argued that invoices, records and payments were made by the book in part because Cohen assumed the role of personal attorney when Trump entered the White House.
+
+He also argued that Trump was simply fighting back against allegations that could hurt his family, reputation and brand.
+
+"There is nothing wrong with trying to influence an election. It's called democracy," he said.
+
+Blanche also spent time trying to discredit some of the prosecution's witnesses, primarily Cohen, who has a history of perjury, and Daniels, also known as Stephanie Clifford, noting how she has received publicity, pointing to her recent documentary, and how Trump has won a defamation lawsuit against her.
+
+"We are New Yorkers. It's why we are here," Blanche said, reminding the jury that they promised they would set aside personal thoughts of Trump from the past eight years. "And if you do that, there will be a very swift not-guilty verdict."
+
+Topics
+
+News
+Culture
+Music
+Contact Us Terms of Use Permissions Privacy Policy
+© NPR

examples/eval-summarization/promptfooconfig.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# yaml-language-server: $schema=https://promptfoo.dev/config-schema.json
+description: 'Summarization'
+
+prompts:
+  - 'Summarize this article concisely: {{article}}'
+
+providers:
+  - openai:gpt-4.1-mini
+  - openai:gpt-4o
+
+tests:
+  - vars:
+      article: file://articles/*
+    assert:
+      - type: not-starts-with
+        value: Sure
+      - type: not-contains
+        value: AI language model
+      # Prefer shorter summaries
+      - type: javascript
+        value: output.length < 1000