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chore: import upstream snapshot with attribution
2026-07-13 13:37:14 +08:00

745 lines
28 KiB
Python

# coding=utf-8
# Copyright (c) 2023 PaddlePaddle Authors. All Rights Reserved.
# Copyright 2022 The HuggingFace Inc. team. All rights reserved.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
""" Testing suite for the Paddle Blip model. """
import copy
import inspect
import tempfile
import unittest
import numpy as np
import paddle
import paddle.nn as nn
import requests
from PIL import Image
from paddlenlp.transformers import (
BlipConfig,
BlipForConditionalGeneration,
BlipForImageTextRetrieval,
BlipForQuestionAnswering,
BlipModel,
BlipProcessor,
BlipTextConfig,
BlipTextModel,
BlipVisionConfig,
BlipVisionModel,
)
from paddlenlp.transformers.blip.modeling import BLIP_PRETRAINED_MODEL_ARCHIVE_LIST
from ...testing_utils import slow
from ..test_configuration_common import ConfigTester
from ..test_modeling_common import (
ModelTesterMixin,
floats_tensor,
ids_tensor,
random_attention_mask,
)
def _config_zero_init(config):
configs_no_init = copy.deepcopy(config)
for key in configs_no_init.__dict__.keys():
if "_range" in key or "_std" in key or "initializer_factor" in key or "layer_scale" in key:
setattr(configs_no_init, key, 1e-10)
return configs_no_init
class BlipVisionModelTester:
def __init__(
self,
parent,
batch_size=12,
image_size=30,
patch_size=2,
num_channels=3,
is_training=True,
hidden_size=32,
projection_dim=32,
num_hidden_layers=5,
num_attention_heads=4,
intermediate_size=37,
dropout=0.1,
attention_dropout=0.1,
initializer_range=1e-10,
scope=None,
):
self.parent = parent
self.batch_size = batch_size
self.image_size = image_size
self.patch_size = patch_size
self.num_channels = num_channels
self.is_training = is_training
self.hidden_size = hidden_size
self.projection_dim = projection_dim
self.num_hidden_layers = num_hidden_layers
self.num_attention_heads = num_attention_heads
self.intermediate_size = intermediate_size
self.dropout = dropout
self.attention_dropout = attention_dropout
self.initializer_range = initializer_range
self.scope = scope
# in ViT, the seq length equals the number of patches + 1 (we add 1 for the [CLS] token)
num_patches = (image_size // patch_size) ** 2
self.seq_length = num_patches + 1
def prepare_config_and_inputs(self):
pixel_values = floats_tensor([self.batch_size, self.num_channels, self.image_size, self.image_size])
config = self.get_config()
return config, pixel_values
def get_config(self):
return BlipVisionConfig(
image_size=self.image_size,
patch_size=self.patch_size,
num_channels=self.num_channels,
hidden_size=self.hidden_size,
projection_dim=self.projection_dim,
num_hidden_layers=self.num_hidden_layers,
num_attention_heads=self.num_attention_heads,
intermediate_size=self.intermediate_size,
dropout=self.dropout,
attention_dropout=self.attention_dropout,
initializer_range=self.initializer_range,
)
def create_and_check_model(self, config, pixel_values):
model = BlipVisionModel(config=config)
model.eval()
with paddle.no_grad():
result = model(pixel_values)
# expected sequence length = num_patches + 1 (we add 1 for the [CLS] token)
image_size = (self.image_size, self.image_size)
patch_size = (self.patch_size, self.patch_size)
num_patches = (image_size[1] // patch_size[1]) * (image_size[0] // patch_size[0])
self.parent.assertEqual(result.last_hidden_state.shape, [self.batch_size, num_patches + 1, self.hidden_size])
self.parent.assertEqual(result.pooler_output.shape, [self.batch_size, self.hidden_size])
def prepare_config_and_inputs_for_common(self):
config_and_inputs = self.prepare_config_and_inputs()
config, pixel_values = config_and_inputs
inputs_dict = {"pixel_values": pixel_values}
return config, inputs_dict
class BlipVisionModelTest(ModelTesterMixin, unittest.TestCase):
"""
Here we also overwrite some of the tests of test_modeling_common.py, as Blip does not use input_ids, inputs_embeds,
attention_mask and seq_length.
"""
all_model_classes = (BlipVisionModel,)
fx_compatible = False
test_pruning = False
test_resize_embeddings = False
test_head_masking = False
use_test_model_name_list = False
def setUp(self):
self.model_tester = BlipVisionModelTester(self)
self.config_tester = ConfigTester(self, config_class=BlipVisionConfig, has_text_modality=False, hidden_size=37)
def test_config(self):
self.config_tester.run_common_tests()
@unittest.skip(reason="Blip does not use inputs_embeds")
def test_inputs_embeds(self):
pass
def test_model_common_attributes(self):
config, _ = self.model_tester.prepare_config_and_inputs_for_common()
for model_class in self.all_model_classes:
model = model_class(config)
self.assertIsInstance(model.get_input_embeddings(), (nn.Layer))
x = model.get_output_embeddings()
self.assertTrue(x is None or isinstance(x, nn.Linear))
def test_forward_signature(self):
config, _ = self.model_tester.prepare_config_and_inputs_for_common()
for model_class in self.all_model_classes:
model = model_class(config)
signature = inspect.signature(model.forward)
# signature.parameters is an OrderedDict => so arg_names order is deterministic
arg_names = [*signature.parameters.keys()]
expected_arg_names = ["pixel_values"]
self.assertListEqual(arg_names[:1], expected_arg_names)
def test_model(self):
config_and_inputs = self.model_tester.prepare_config_and_inputs()
self.model_tester.create_and_check_model(*config_and_inputs)
def test_training(self):
pass
def test_training_gradient_checkpointing(self):
pass
@unittest.skip(reason="BlipVisionModel has no base class and is not available in MODEL_MAPPING")
def test_save_load_fast_init_from_base(self):
pass
@unittest.skip(reason="BlipVisionModel has no base class and is not available in MODEL_MAPPING")
def test_save_load_fast_init_to_base(self):
pass
@slow
def test_model_from_pretrained(self):
for model_name in BLIP_PRETRAINED_MODEL_ARCHIVE_LIST[:1]:
model = BlipVisionModel.from_pretrained(model_name)
self.assertIsNotNone(model)
class BlipTextModelTester:
def __init__(
self,
parent,
batch_size=12,
seq_length=7,
is_training=True,
use_input_mask=True,
use_labels=True,
vocab_size=99,
hidden_size=32,
projection_dim=32,
num_hidden_layers=5,
num_attention_heads=4,
intermediate_size=37,
dropout=0.1,
attention_dropout=0.1,
max_position_embeddings=512,
initializer_range=0.02,
bos_token_id=0,
scope=None,
):
self.parent = parent
self.batch_size = batch_size
self.seq_length = seq_length
self.is_training = is_training
self.use_input_mask = use_input_mask
self.use_labels = use_labels
self.vocab_size = vocab_size
self.hidden_size = hidden_size
self.projection_dim = projection_dim
self.num_hidden_layers = num_hidden_layers
self.num_attention_heads = num_attention_heads
self.intermediate_size = intermediate_size
self.dropout = dropout
self.attention_dropout = attention_dropout
self.max_position_embeddings = max_position_embeddings
self.initializer_range = initializer_range
self.scope = scope
self.bos_token_id = bos_token_id
def prepare_config_and_inputs(self):
input_ids = ids_tensor([self.batch_size, self.seq_length], self.vocab_size, dtype="int64")
input_mask = None
if self.use_input_mask:
input_mask = random_attention_mask([self.batch_size, self.seq_length], dtype="int64")
if input_mask is not None:
batch_size, seq_length = input_mask.shape
rnd_start_indices = np.random.randint(1, seq_length - 1, size=(batch_size,))
for batch_idx, start_index in enumerate(rnd_start_indices):
input_mask[batch_idx, :start_index] = 1
input_mask[batch_idx, start_index:] = 0
config = self.get_config()
return config, input_ids, input_mask
def get_config(self):
return BlipTextConfig(
vocab_size=self.vocab_size,
hidden_size=self.hidden_size,
projection_dim=self.projection_dim,
num_hidden_layers=self.num_hidden_layers,
num_attention_heads=self.num_attention_heads,
intermediate_size=self.intermediate_size,
dropout=self.dropout,
attention_dropout=self.attention_dropout,
max_position_embeddings=self.max_position_embeddings,
initializer_range=self.initializer_range,
bos_token_id=self.bos_token_id,
)
def create_and_check_model(self, config, input_ids, input_mask):
model = BlipTextModel(config=config)
model.eval()
with paddle.no_grad():
result = model(input_ids, attention_mask=input_mask)
result = model(input_ids)
self.parent.assertEqual(result.last_hidden_state.shape, [self.batch_size, self.seq_length, self.hidden_size])
self.parent.assertEqual(result.pooler_output.shape, [self.batch_size, self.hidden_size])
def prepare_config_and_inputs_for_common(self):
config_and_inputs = self.prepare_config_and_inputs()
config, input_ids, input_mask = config_and_inputs
inputs_dict = {"input_ids": input_ids, "attention_mask": input_mask}
return config, inputs_dict
class BlipTextModelTest(ModelTesterMixin, unittest.TestCase):
all_model_classes = (BlipTextModel,)
fx_compatible = False
test_pruning = False
test_head_masking = False
use_test_model_name_list = False
def setUp(self):
self.model_tester = BlipTextModelTester(self)
self.config_tester = ConfigTester(self, config_class=BlipTextConfig, hidden_size=37)
def test_config(self):
self.config_tester.run_common_tests()
def test_model(self):
config_and_inputs = self.model_tester.prepare_config_and_inputs()
self.model_tester.create_and_check_model(*config_and_inputs)
def test_training(self):
pass
def test_training_gradient_checkpointing(self):
pass
@unittest.skip(reason="Blip does not use inputs_embeds")
def test_inputs_embeds(self):
pass
@unittest.skip(reason="BlipTextModel has no base class and is not available in MODEL_MAPPING")
def test_save_load_fast_init_from_base(self):
pass
@unittest.skip(reason="BlipTextModel has no base class and is not available in MODEL_MAPPING")
def test_save_load_fast_init_to_base(self):
pass
@slow
def test_model_from_pretrained(self):
for model_name in BLIP_PRETRAINED_MODEL_ARCHIVE_LIST[:1]:
model = BlipTextModel.from_pretrained(model_name)
self.assertIsNotNone(model)
class BlipModelTester:
def __init__(self, parent, text_kwargs=None, vision_kwargs=None, is_training=True):
if text_kwargs is None:
text_kwargs = {}
if vision_kwargs is None:
vision_kwargs = {}
self.parent = parent
self.text_model_tester = BlipTextModelTester(parent, **text_kwargs)
self.vision_model_tester = BlipVisionModelTester(parent, **vision_kwargs)
self.is_training = is_training
def prepare_config_and_inputs(self):
text_config, input_ids, attention_mask = self.text_model_tester.prepare_config_and_inputs()
vision_config, pixel_values = self.vision_model_tester.prepare_config_and_inputs()
config = self.get_config()
return config, input_ids, attention_mask, pixel_values
def get_config(self):
return BlipConfig.from_text_vision_configs(
self.text_model_tester.get_config(), self.vision_model_tester.get_config(), projection_dim=64
)
def create_and_check_model(self, config, input_ids, attention_mask, pixel_values):
model = BlipModel(config)
model.eval()
with paddle.no_grad():
result = model(input_ids, pixel_values, attention_mask=attention_mask)
self.parent.assertEqual(
result.logits_per_image.shape, [self.vision_model_tester.batch_size, self.text_model_tester.batch_size]
)
self.parent.assertEqual(
result.logits_per_text.shape, [self.text_model_tester.batch_size, self.vision_model_tester.batch_size]
)
def prepare_config_and_inputs_for_common(self):
config_and_inputs = self.prepare_config_and_inputs()
config, input_ids, attention_mask, pixel_values = config_and_inputs
inputs_dict = {
"input_ids": input_ids,
"attention_mask": attention_mask,
"pixel_values": pixel_values,
"return_loss": True,
}
return config, inputs_dict
class BlipModelTest(ModelTesterMixin, unittest.TestCase):
all_model_classes = (BlipModel,)
fx_compatible = False
test_head_masking = False
test_pruning = False
test_resize_embeddings = False
test_attention_outputs = False
use_test_model_name_list = False
def setUp(self):
self.model_tester = BlipModelTester(self)
def test_model(self):
config_and_inputs = self.model_tester.prepare_config_and_inputs()
self.model_tester.create_and_check_model(*config_and_inputs)
@unittest.skip(reason="Hidden_states is tested in individual model tests")
def test_hidden_states_output(self):
pass
@unittest.skip(reason="Inputs_embeds is tested in individual model tests")
def test_inputs_embeds(self):
pass
@unittest.skip(reason="Retain_grad is tested in individual model tests")
def test_retain_grad_hidden_states_attentions(self):
pass
@unittest.skip(reason="BlipModel does not have input/output embeddings")
def test_model_common_attributes(self):
pass
# override as the `logit_scale` parameter initialization is different for Blip
def test_initialization(self):
config, inputs_dict = self.model_tester.prepare_config_and_inputs_for_common()
configs_no_init = _config_zero_init(config)
for model_class in self.all_model_classes:
model = model_class(config=configs_no_init)
for name, param in model.named_parameters():
if not param.stop_gradient:
# check if `logit_scale` is initialized as per the original implementation
if name == "logit_scale":
self.assertAlmostEqual(
param.item(),
np.log(1 / 0.07),
delta=1e-3,
msg=f"Parameter {name} of model {model_class} seems not properly initialized",
)
else:
self.assertIn(
((param.mean() * 1e9).round() / 1e9).item(),
[0.0, 1.0],
msg=f"Parameter {name} of model {model_class} seems not properly initialized",
)
def test_load_vision_text_config(self):
config, inputs_dict = self.model_tester.prepare_config_and_inputs_for_common()
# Save BlipConfig and check if we can load BlipVisionConfig from it
with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmp_dir_name:
config.save_pretrained(tmp_dir_name)
vision_config = BlipVisionConfig.from_pretrained(tmp_dir_name)
self.assertDictEqual(config.vision_config.to_dict(), vision_config.to_dict())
# Save BlipConfig and check if we can load BlipTextConfig from it
with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmp_dir_name:
config.save_pretrained(tmp_dir_name)
text_config = BlipTextConfig.from_pretrained(tmp_dir_name)
self.assertDictEqual(config.text_config.to_dict(), text_config.to_dict())
@slow
def test_model_from_pretrained(self):
for model_name in BLIP_PRETRAINED_MODEL_ARCHIVE_LIST[:1]:
model = BlipModel.from_pretrained(model_name)
self.assertIsNotNone(model)
class BlipTextImageModelsModelTester:
def __init__(self, parent, text_kwargs=None, vision_kwargs=None, is_training=True):
if text_kwargs is None:
text_kwargs = {}
if vision_kwargs is None:
vision_kwargs = {}
self.parent = parent
self.text_model_tester = BlipTextModelTester(parent, **text_kwargs)
self.vision_model_tester = BlipVisionModelTester(parent, **vision_kwargs)
self.is_training = is_training
self.num_choices = 4
def prepare_config_and_inputs(self):
text_config, input_ids, attention_mask = self.text_model_tester.prepare_config_and_inputs()
vision_config, pixel_values = self.vision_model_tester.prepare_config_and_inputs()
config = self.get_config()
return config, input_ids, attention_mask, pixel_values
def get_config(self):
return BlipConfig.from_text_vision_configs(
self.text_model_tester.get_config(), self.vision_model_tester.get_config(), projection_dim=64
)
def create_and_check_model(self, config, input_ids, attention_mask, pixel_values):
model = BlipModel(config)
model.eval()
with paddle.no_grad():
result = model(input_ids, pixel_values, attention_mask=attention_mask)
self.parent.assertEqual(
result.logits_per_image.shape, [self.vision_model_tester.batch_size, self.text_model_tester.batch_size]
)
self.parent.assertEqual(
result.logits_per_text.shape, [self.text_model_tester.batch_size, self.vision_model_tester.batch_size]
)
def prepare_config_and_inputs_for_common(self):
config_and_inputs = self.prepare_config_and_inputs()
config, input_ids, attention_mask, pixel_values = config_and_inputs
inputs_dict = {
"input_ids": input_ids,
"attention_mask": attention_mask,
"pixel_values": pixel_values,
}
return config, inputs_dict
class BlipTextImageModelTest(ModelTesterMixin, unittest.TestCase):
all_model_classes = (
BlipForConditionalGeneration,
BlipForQuestionAnswering,
BlipForImageTextRetrieval,
)
fx_compatible = False
test_head_masking = False
test_pruning = False
test_resize_embeddings = False
test_attention_outputs = False
use_test_model_name_list = False
def _prepare_for_class(self, inputs_dict, model_class, return_labels=False):
inputs_dict = copy.deepcopy(inputs_dict)
if model_class.__name__.endswith("ForMultipleChoice"):
inputs_dict = {
k: v.unsqueeze(1).expand(shape=[-1, self.model_tester.num_choices, -1])
if isinstance(v, paddle.Tensor) and v.ndim > 1
else v
for k, v in inputs_dict.items()
}
if return_labels:
if model_class.__name__.endswith("ForMultipleChoice"):
inputs_dict["labels"] = paddle.ones(
(self.model_tester.text_model_tester.batch_size,), dtype=paddle.int64
)
elif model_class.__name__.endswith("ForQuestionAnswering"):
inputs_dict["decoder_input_ids"] = paddle.zeros(
(self.model_tester.text_model_tester.batch_size, 4), dtype=paddle.int64
)
elif model_class.__name__.endswith("ImageTextRetrieval"):
inputs_dict["labels"] = paddle.zeros(
(self.model_tester.text_model_tester.batch_size,), dtype=paddle.int64
)
return inputs_dict
def setUp(self):
self.model_tester = BlipTextImageModelsModelTester(self)
def test_model(self):
config_and_inputs = self.model_tester.prepare_config_and_inputs()
self.model_tester.create_and_check_model(*config_and_inputs)
@unittest.skip(reason="Hidden_states is tested in individual model tests")
def test_hidden_states_output(self):
pass
@unittest.skip(reason="Inputs_embeds is tested in individual model tests")
def test_inputs_embeds(self):
pass
@unittest.skip(reason="Retain_grad is tested in individual model tests")
def test_retain_grad_hidden_states_attentions(self):
pass
@unittest.skip(reason="BlipModel does not have input/output embeddings")
def test_model_common_attributes(self):
pass
def test_forward_signature(self):
config, _ = self.model_tester.prepare_config_and_inputs_for_common()
for model_class in self.all_model_classes:
model = model_class(config)
signature = inspect.signature(model.forward)
# signature.parameters is an OrderedDict => so arg_names order is deterministic
arg_names = [*signature.parameters.keys()]
expected_arg_names = ["input_ids"] if model_class != BlipForConditionalGeneration else ["pixel_values"]
self.assertListEqual(arg_names[:1], expected_arg_names)
def test_training(self):
if not self.model_tester.is_training:
return
for model_class in self.all_model_classes[:-1]:
config, inputs_dict = self.model_tester.prepare_config_and_inputs_for_common()
config.return_dict = True
model = model_class(config)
model.train()
inputs = self._prepare_for_class(inputs_dict, model_class, return_labels=True)
loss = model(**inputs).loss
loss.backward()
@slow
def test_training_gradient_checkpointing(self):
if not self.model_tester.is_training:
return
for model_class in self.all_model_classes[:-1]:
config, inputs_dict = self.model_tester.prepare_config_and_inputs_for_common()
config.use_cache = False
config.return_dict = True
model = model_class(config)
model.gradient_checkpointing_enable()
model.train()
inputs = self._prepare_for_class(inputs_dict, model_class, return_labels=True)
loss = model(**inputs).loss
loss.backward()
# override as the `logit_scale` parameter initialization is different for Blip
def test_initialization(self):
config, inputs_dict = self.model_tester.prepare_config_and_inputs_for_common()
configs_no_init = _config_zero_init(config)
for model_class in self.all_model_classes:
model = model_class(config=configs_no_init)
for name, param in model.named_parameters():
if not param.stop_gradient:
# check if `logit_scale` is initialized as per the original implementation
if name == "logit_scale":
self.assertAlmostEqual(
param.item(),
np.log(1 / 0.07),
delta=1e-3,
msg=f"Parameter {name} of model {model_class} seems not properly initialized",
)
else:
self.assertIn(
((param.mean() * 1e9).round() / 1e9).item(),
[0.0, 1.0],
msg=f"Parameter {name} of model {model_class} seems not properly initialized",
)
def test_load_vision_text_config(self):
config, inputs_dict = self.model_tester.prepare_config_and_inputs_for_common()
# Save BlipConfig and check if we can load BlipVisionConfig from it
with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmp_dir_name:
config.save_pretrained(tmp_dir_name)
vision_config = BlipVisionConfig.from_pretrained(tmp_dir_name)
self.assertDictEqual(config.vision_config.to_dict(), vision_config.to_dict())
# Save BlipConfig and check if we can load BlipTextConfig from it
with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmp_dir_name:
config.save_pretrained(tmp_dir_name)
text_config = BlipTextConfig.from_pretrained(tmp_dir_name)
self.assertDictEqual(config.text_config.to_dict(), text_config.to_dict())
@slow
def test_model_from_pretrained(self):
for model_name in BLIP_PRETRAINED_MODEL_ARCHIVE_LIST[:1]:
model = BlipModel.from_pretrained(model_name)
self.assertIsNotNone(model)
# We will verify our results on an image of dog and girl
def prepare_img():
url = "https://storage.googleapis.com/sfr-vision-language-research/BLIP/demo.jpg"
im = Image.open(requests.get(url, stream=True).raw)
return im
@slow
class BlipModelIntegrationTest(unittest.TestCase):
def test_inference_image_captioning(self):
model = BlipForConditionalGeneration.from_pretrained("Salesforce/blip-image-captioning-base")
model.eval()
processor = BlipProcessor.from_pretrained("Salesforce/blip-image-captioning-base")
image = prepare_img()
assert model.config.text_config.num_attention_heads == 12
assert model.config.vision_config.layer_norm_eps == 1e-6
# image only
inputs = processor(images=image, return_tensors="pd")
predictions = model.generate(**inputs)[0]
# Test output
self.assertEqual(predictions[0].tolist(), [1037, 2450, 3564, 2006, 1996, 3509, 2007, 2014, 3899, 102])
# image and context
context = ["a picture of"]
inputs = processor(images=image, text=context, return_tensors="pd")
predictions = model.generate(**inputs)[0]
# Test output
self.assertEqual(
predictions[0].tolist(),
[1037, 2450, 1998, 2014, 3899, 2006, 1996, 3509, 102],
)
def test_inference_vqa(self):
model = BlipForQuestionAnswering.from_pretrained("Salesforce/blip-vqa-base", ignore_mismatched_sizes=True)
model.eval()
assert model.config.text_config.num_attention_heads == 12
assert model.config.vision_config.layer_norm_eps == 1e-6
processor = BlipProcessor.from_pretrained("Salesforce/blip-vqa-base")
image = prepare_img()
text = "how many dogs are in the picture?"
inputs = processor(images=image, text=text, return_tensors="pd")
out = model.generate(**inputs)[0]
# Test output
self.assertEqual(out[0].tolist(), [1015, 102])
def test_inference_itm(self):
model = BlipForImageTextRetrieval.from_pretrained("Salesforce/blip-itm-base-coco")
model.eval()
assert model.config.text_config.num_attention_heads == 12
assert model.config.vision_config.layer_norm_eps == 1e-6
processor = BlipProcessor.from_pretrained("Salesforce/blip-itm-base-coco")
image = prepare_img()
text = "A woman and her dog sitting in a beach"
inputs = processor(images=image, text=text, return_tensors="pd")
with paddle.no_grad():
out_itm = model(**inputs)
out = model(**inputs, use_itm_head=False)
expected_scores = paddle.to_tensor([[0.00289215, 0.99710792]])
self.assertTrue(paddle.allclose(nn.functional.softmax(out_itm[0]), expected_scores, rtol=1e-3, atol=1e-3))
self.assertTrue(paddle.allclose(out[0], paddle.to_tensor([[0.51626438]]), rtol=1e-3, atol=1e-3))