wehub-resource-sync
101 lines
125 KiB
Plaintext
101 lines
125 KiB
Plaintext
{"id": 1, "title": "", "context": "The English name \" Normans \" comes from the French words Normans / Normanz , plural of Normant , modern French normand , which is itself borrowed from Old Low Franconian Nortmann \" Northman \" or directly from Old Norse Norðmaðr , Latinized variously as Nortmannus , Normannus , or Nordmannus ( recorded in Medieval Latin , 9th century ) to mean \" Norseman , Viking \" .", "question": "What is the original meaning of the word Norman ?", "sent_token": ["The", "English", "name", "\"", "Normans", "\"", "comes", "from", "the", "French", "words", "Normans", "/", "Normanz", ",", "plural", "of", "Normant", ",", "modern", "French", "normand", ",", "which", "is", "itself", "borrowed", "from", "Old", "Low", "Franconian", "Nortmann", "\"", "Northman", "\"", "or", "directly", "from", "Old", "Norse", "Norðmaðr", ",", "Latinized", "variously", "as", "Nortmannus", ",", "Normannus", ",", "or", "Nordmannus", "(", "recorded", "in", "Medieval", "Latin", ",", "9th", "century", ")", "to", "mean", "\"", "Norseman", ",", "Viking", "\"", "."], "sample_type": "ori", "rel_ids": [1508]}
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{"id": 2, "title": "", "context": "The English name \" Normans \" comes from the French words Normans / Normanz , plural of Normant , modern French normand , which is itself borrowed from Old Low Franconian Nortmann \" Northman \" or directly from Old Norse Norðmaðr , Latinized variously as Nortmannus , Normannus , or Nordmannus ( recorded in Medieval Latin , 9th century ) to mean \" Norseman , Viking \" .", "question": "When was the Latin version of the word Norman first recorded ?", "sent_token": ["The", "English", "name", "\"", "Normans", "\"", "comes", "from", "the", "French", "words", "Normans", "/", "Normanz", ",", "plural", "of", "Normant", ",", "modern", "French", "normand", ",", "which", "is", "itself", "borrowed", "from", "Old", "Low", "Franconian", "Nortmann", "\"", "Northman", "\"", "or", "directly", "from", "Old", "Norse", "Norðmaðr", ",", "Latinized", "variously", "as", "Nortmannus", ",", "Normannus", ",", "or", "Nordmannus", "(", "recorded", "in", "Medieval", "Latin", ",", "9th", "century", ")", "to", "mean", "\"", "Norseman", ",", "Viking", "\"", "."], "sample_type": "ori", "rel_ids": [1509]}
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{"id": 3, "title": "", "context": "The descendants of Rollo 's Vikings and their Frankish wives would replace the Norse religion and Old Norse language with Catholicism ( Christianity ) and the Gallo - Romance language of the local people , blending their maternal Frankish heritage with Old Norse traditions and customs to synthesize a unique \" Norman \" culture in the north of France . The Norman language was forged by the adoption of the indigenous langue d'oïl branch of Romance by a Norse - speaking ruling class , and it developed into the regional language that survives today .", "question": "What was the Norman religion ?", "sent_token": ["The", "descendants", "of", "Rollo", "'s", "Vikings", "and", "their", "Frankish", "wives", "would", "replace", "the", "Norse", "religion", "and", "Old", "Norse", "language", "with", "Catholicism", "(", "Christianity", ")", "and", "the", "Gallo", "-", "Romance", "language", "of", "the", "local", "people", ",", "blending", "their", "maternal", "Frankish", "heritage", "with", "Old", "Norse", "traditions", "and", "customs", "to", "synthesize", "a", "unique", "\"", "Norman", "\"", "culture", "in", "the", "north", "of", "France", ".", "The", "Norman", "language", "was", "forged", "by", "the", "adoption", "of", "the", "indigenous", "langue", "d'oïl", "branch", "of", "Romance", "by", "a", "Norse", "-", "speaking", "ruling", "class", ",", "and", "it", "developed", "into", "the", "regional", "language", "that", "survives", "today", "."], "sample_type": "ori", "rel_ids": [1510]}
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{"id": 4, "title": "", "context": "The descendants of Rollo 's Vikings and their Frankish wives would replace the Norse religion and Old Norse language with Catholicism ( Christianity ) and the Gallo - Romance language of the local people , blending their maternal Frankish heritage with Old Norse traditions and customs to synthesize a unique \" Norman \" culture in the north of France . The Norman language was forged by the adoption of the indigenous langue d'oïl branch of Romance by a Norse - speaking ruling class , and it developed into the regional language that survives today .", "question": "What part of France were the Normans located ?", "sent_token": ["The", "descendants", "of", "Rollo", "'s", "Vikings", "and", "their", "Frankish", "wives", "would", "replace", "the", "Norse", "religion", "and", "Old", "Norse", "language", "with", "Catholicism", "(", "Christianity", ")", "and", "the", "Gallo", "-", "Romance", "language", "of", "the", "local", "people", ",", "blending", "their", "maternal", "Frankish", "heritage", "with", "Old", "Norse", "traditions", "and", "customs", "to", "synthesize", "a", "unique", "\"", "Norman", "\"", "culture", "in", "the", "north", "of", "France", ".", "The", "Norman", "language", "was", "forged", "by", "the", "adoption", "of", "the", "indigenous", "langue", "d'oïl", "branch", "of", "Romance", "by", "a", "Norse", "-", "speaking", "ruling", "class", ",", "and", "it", "developed", "into", "the", "regional", "language", "that", "survives", "today", "."], "sample_type": "ori", "rel_ids": [1511]}
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{"id": 5, "title": "", "context": "One of the first Norman mercenaries to serve as a Byzantine general was Hervé in the 1050s . By then however , there were already Norman mercenaries serving as far away as Trebizond and Georgia . They were based at Malatya and Edessa , under the Byzantine duke of Antioch , Isaac Komnenos . In the 1060s , Robert Crispin led the Normans of Edessa against the Turks . Roussel de Bailleul even tried to carve out an independent state in Asia Minor with support from the local population , but he was stopped by the Byzantine general Alexius Komnenos .", "question": "When did Herve serve as a Byzantine general ?", "sent_token": ["One", "of", "the", "first", "Norman", "mercenaries", "to", "serve", "as", "a", "Byzantine", "general", "was", "Hervé", "in", "the", "1050s", ".", "By", "then", "however", ",", "there", "were", "already", "Norman", "mercenaries", "serving", "as", "far", "away", "as", "Trebizond", "and", "Georgia", ".", "They", "were", "based", "at", "Malatya", "and", "Edessa", ",", "under", "the", "Byzantine", "duke", "of", "Antioch", ",", "Isaac", "Komnenos", ".", "In", "the", "1060s", ",", "Robert", "Crispin", "led", "the", "Normans", "of", "Edessa", "against", "the", "Turks", ".", "Roussel", "de", "Bailleul", "even", "tried", "to", "carve", "out", "an", "independent", "state", "in", "Asia", "Minor", "with", "support", "from", "the", "local", "population", ",", "but", "he", "was", "stopped", "by", "the", "Byzantine", "general", "Alexius", "Komnenos", "."], "sample_type": "ori", "rel_ids": [1512]}
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{"id": 6, "title": "", "context": "One of the first Norman mercenaries to serve as a Byzantine general was Hervé in the 1050s . By then however , there were already Norman mercenaries serving as far away as Trebizond and Georgia . They were based at Malatya and Edessa , under the Byzantine duke of Antioch , Isaac Komnenos . In the 1060s , Robert Crispin led the Normans of Edessa against the Turks . Roussel de Bailleul even tried to carve out an independent state in Asia Minor with support from the local population , but he was stopped by the Byzantine general Alexius Komnenos .", "question": "When did Robert Crispin go up against the Turks ?", "sent_token": ["One", "of", "the", "first", "Norman", "mercenaries", "to", "serve", "as", "a", "Byzantine", "general", "was", "Hervé", "in", "the", "1050s", ".", "By", "then", "however", ",", "there", "were", "already", "Norman", "mercenaries", "serving", "as", "far", "away", "as", "Trebizond", "and", "Georgia", ".", "They", "were", "based", "at", "Malatya", "and", "Edessa", ",", "under", "the", "Byzantine", "duke", "of", "Antioch", ",", "Isaac", "Komnenos", ".", "In", "the", "1060s", ",", "Robert", "Crispin", "led", "the", "Normans", "of", "Edessa", "against", "the", "Turks", ".", "Roussel", "de", "Bailleul", "even", "tried", "to", "carve", "out", "an", "independent", "state", "in", "Asia", "Minor", "with", "support", "from", "the", "local", "population", ",", "but", "he", "was", "stopped", "by", "the", "Byzantine", "general", "Alexius", "Komnenos", "."], "sample_type": "ori", "rel_ids": [1513]}
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{"id": 7, "title": "", "context": "One of the first Norman mercenaries to serve as a Byzantine general was Hervé in the 1050s . By then however , there were already Norman mercenaries serving as far away as Trebizond and Georgia . They were based at Malatya and Edessa , under the Byzantine duke of Antioch , Isaac Komnenos . In the 1060s , Robert Crispin led the Normans of Edessa against the Turks . Roussel de Bailleul even tried to carve out an independent state in Asia Minor with support from the local population , but he was stopped by the Byzantine general Alexius Komnenos .", "question": "Who ruined Roussel de Bailleul 's plans for an independent state ?", "sent_token": ["One", "of", "the", "first", "Norman", "mercenaries", "to", "serve", "as", "a", "Byzantine", "general", "was", "Hervé", "in", "the", "1050s", ".", "By", "then", "however", ",", "there", "were", "already", "Norman", "mercenaries", "serving", "as", "far", "away", "as", "Trebizond", "and", "Georgia", ".", "They", "were", "based", "at", "Malatya", "and", "Edessa", ",", "under", "the", "Byzantine", "duke", "of", "Antioch", ",", "Isaac", "Komnenos", ".", "In", "the", "1060s", ",", "Robert", "Crispin", "led", "the", "Normans", "of", "Edessa", "against", "the", "Turks", ".", "Roussel", "de", "Bailleul", "even", "tried", "to", "carve", "out", "an", "independent", "state", "in", "Asia", "Minor", "with", "support", "from", "the", "local", "population", ",", "but", "he", "was", "stopped", "by", "the", "Byzantine", "general", "Alexius", "Komnenos", "."], "sample_type": "ori", "rel_ids": [1514]}
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{"id": 8, "title": "", "context": "The further decline of Byzantine state - of - affairs paved the road to a third attack in 1185 , when a large Norman army invaded Dyrrachium , owing to the betrayal of high Byzantine officials . Some time later , Dyrrachium — one of the most important naval bases of the Adriatic — fell again to Byzantine hands .", "question": "When did the Normans attack Dyrrachium ?", "sent_token": ["The", "further", "decline", "of", "Byzantine", "state", "-", "of", "-", "affairs", "paved", "the", "road", "to", "a", "third", "attack", "in", "1185", ",", "when", "a", "large", "Norman", "army", "invaded", "Dyrrachium", ",", "owing", "to", "the", "betrayal", "of", "high", "Byzantine", "officials", ".", "Some", "time", "later", ",", "Dyrrachium", "—", "one", "of", "the", "most", "important", "naval", "bases", "of", "the", "Adriatic", "—", "fell", "again", "to", "Byzantine", "hands", "."], "sample_type": "ori", "rel_ids": [1515]}
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{"id": 9, "title": "", "context": "The further decline of Byzantine state - of - affairs paved the road to a third attack in 1185 , when a large Norman army invaded Dyrrachium , owing to the betrayal of high Byzantine officials . Some time later , Dyrrachium — one of the most important naval bases of the Adriatic — fell again to Byzantine hands .", "question": "What was the naval base called ?", "sent_token": ["The", "further", "decline", "of", "Byzantine", "state", "-", "of", "-", "affairs", "paved", "the", "road", "to", "a", "third", "attack", "in", "1185", ",", "when", "a", "large", "Norman", "army", "invaded", "Dyrrachium", ",", "owing", "to", "the", "betrayal", "of", "high", "Byzantine", "officials", ".", "Some", "time", "later", ",", "Dyrrachium", "—", "one", "of", "the", "most", "important", "naval", "bases", "of", "the", "Adriatic", "—", "fell", "again", "to", "Byzantine", "hands", "."], "sample_type": "ori", "rel_ids": [1516]}
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{"id": 10, "title": "", "context": "The further decline of Byzantine state - of - affairs paved the road to a third attack in 1185 , when a large Norman army invaded Dyrrachium , owing to the betrayal of high Byzantine officials . Some time later , Dyrrachium — one of the most important naval bases of the Adriatic — fell again to Byzantine hands .", "question": "Where was Dyrrachium located ?", "sent_token": ["The", "further", "decline", "of", "Byzantine", "state", "-", "of", "-", "affairs", "paved", "the", "road", "to", "a", "third", "attack", "in", "1185", ",", "when", "a", "large", "Norman", "army", "invaded", "Dyrrachium", ",", "owing", "to", "the", "betrayal", "of", "high", "Byzantine", "officials", ".", "Some", "time", "later", ",", "Dyrrachium", "—", "one", "of", "the", "most", "important", "naval", "bases", "of", "the", "Adriatic", "—", "fell", "again", "to", "Byzantine", "hands", "."], "sample_type": "ori", "rel_ids": [1517]}
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{"id": 11, "title": "", "context": "One of the claimants of the English throne opposing William the Conqueror , Edgar Atheling , eventually fled to Scotland . King Malcolm III of Scotland married Edgar 's sister Margaret , and came into opposition to William who had already disputed Scotland 's southern borders . William invaded Scotland in 1072 , riding as far as Abernethy where he met up with his fleet of ships . Malcolm submitted , paid homage to William and surrendered his son Duncan as a hostage , beginning a series of arguments as to whether the Scottish Crown owed allegiance to the King of England .", "question": "Who was Margaret 's brother ?", "sent_token": ["One", "of", "the", "claimants", "of", "the", "English", "throne", "opposing", "William", "the", "Conqueror", ",", "Edgar", "Atheling", ",", "eventually", "fled", "to", "Scotland", ".", "King", "Malcolm", "III", "of", "Scotland", "married", "Edgar", "'s", "sister", "Margaret", ",", "and", "came", "into", "opposition", "to", "William", "who", "had", "already", "disputed", "Scotland", "'s", "southern", "borders", ".", "William", "invaded", "Scotland", "in", "1072", ",", "riding", "as", "far", "as", "Abernethy", "where", "he", "met", "up", "with", "his", "fleet", "of", "ships", ".", "Malcolm", "submitted", ",", "paid", "homage", "to", "William", "and", "surrendered", "his", "son", "Duncan", "as", "a", "hostage", ",", "beginning", "a", "series", "of", "arguments", "as", "to", "whether", "the", "Scottish", "Crown", "owed", "allegiance", "to", "the", "King", "of", "England", "."], "sample_type": "ori", "rel_ids": [1518]}
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{"id": 12, "title": "", "context": "One of the claimants of the English throne opposing William the Conqueror , Edgar Atheling , eventually fled to Scotland . King Malcolm III of Scotland married Edgar 's sister Margaret , and came into opposition to William who had already disputed Scotland 's southern borders . William invaded Scotland in 1072 , riding as far as Abernethy where he met up with his fleet of ships . Malcolm submitted , paid homage to William and surrendered his son Duncan as a hostage , beginning a series of arguments as to whether the Scottish Crown owed allegiance to the King of England .", "question": "Who was Margaret 's husband ?", "sent_token": ["One", "of", "the", "claimants", "of", "the", "English", "throne", "opposing", "William", "the", "Conqueror", ",", "Edgar", "Atheling", ",", "eventually", "fled", "to", "Scotland", ".", "King", "Malcolm", "III", "of", "Scotland", "married", "Edgar", "'s", "sister", "Margaret", ",", "and", "came", "into", "opposition", "to", "William", "who", "had", "already", "disputed", "Scotland", "'s", "southern", "borders", ".", "William", "invaded", "Scotland", "in", "1072", ",", "riding", "as", "far", "as", "Abernethy", "where", "he", "met", "up", "with", "his", "fleet", "of", "ships", ".", "Malcolm", "submitted", ",", "paid", "homage", "to", "William", "and", "surrendered", "his", "son", "Duncan", "as", "a", "hostage", ",", "beginning", "a", "series", "of", "arguments", "as", "to", "whether", "the", "Scottish", "Crown", "owed", "allegiance", "to", "the", "King", "of", "England", "."], "sample_type": "ori", "rel_ids": [1519]}
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{"id": 13, "title": "", "context": "One of the claimants of the English throne opposing William the Conqueror , Edgar Atheling , eventually fled to Scotland . King Malcolm III of Scotland married Edgar 's sister Margaret , and came into opposition to William who had already disputed Scotland 's southern borders . William invaded Scotland in 1072 , riding as far as Abernethy where he met up with his fleet of ships . Malcolm submitted , paid homage to William and surrendered his son Duncan as a hostage , beginning a series of arguments as to whether the Scottish Crown owed allegiance to the King of England .", "question": "When was Scotland invaded by William ?", "sent_token": ["One", "of", "the", "claimants", "of", "the", "English", "throne", "opposing", "William", "the", "Conqueror", ",", "Edgar", "Atheling", ",", "eventually", "fled", "to", "Scotland", ".", "King", "Malcolm", "III", "of", "Scotland", "married", "Edgar", "'s", "sister", "Margaret", ",", "and", "came", "into", "opposition", "to", "William", "who", "had", "already", "disputed", "Scotland", "'s", "southern", "borders", ".", "William", "invaded", "Scotland", "in", "1072", ",", "riding", "as", "far", "as", "Abernethy", "where", "he", "met", "up", "with", "his", "fleet", "of", "ships", ".", "Malcolm", "submitted", ",", "paid", "homage", "to", "William", "and", "surrendered", "his", "son", "Duncan", "as", "a", "hostage", ",", "beginning", "a", "series", "of", "arguments", "as", "to", "whether", "the", "Scottish", "Crown", "owed", "allegiance", "to", "the", "King", "of", "England", "."], "sample_type": "ori", "rel_ids": [1520]}
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{"id": 14, "title": "", "context": "One of the claimants of the English throne opposing William the Conqueror , Edgar Atheling , eventually fled to Scotland . King Malcolm III of Scotland married Edgar 's sister Margaret , and came into opposition to William who had already disputed Scotland 's southern borders . William invaded Scotland in 1072 , riding as far as Abernethy where he met up with his fleet of ships . Malcolm submitted , paid homage to William and surrendered his son Duncan as a hostage , beginning a series of arguments as to whether the Scottish Crown owed allegiance to the King of England .", "question": "Who was the hostage ?", "sent_token": ["One", "of", "the", "claimants", "of", "the", "English", "throne", "opposing", "William", "the", "Conqueror", ",", "Edgar", "Atheling", ",", "eventually", "fled", "to", "Scotland", ".", "King", "Malcolm", "III", "of", "Scotland", "married", "Edgar", "'s", "sister", "Margaret", ",", "and", "came", "into", "opposition", "to", "William", "who", "had", "already", "disputed", "Scotland", "'s", "southern", "borders", ".", "William", "invaded", "Scotland", "in", "1072", ",", "riding", "as", "far", "as", "Abernethy", "where", "he", "met", "up", "with", "his", "fleet", "of", "ships", ".", "Malcolm", "submitted", ",", "paid", "homage", "to", "William", "and", "surrendered", "his", "son", "Duncan", "as", "a", "hostage", ",", "beginning", "a", "series", "of", "arguments", "as", "to", "whether", "the", "Scottish", "Crown", "owed", "allegiance", "to", "the", "King", "of", "England", "."], "sample_type": "ori", "rel_ids": [1521]}
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{"id": 15, "title": "", "context": "Even before the Norman Conquest of England , the Normans had come into contact with Wales . Edward the Confessor had set up the aforementioned Ralph as earl of Hereford and charged him with defending the Marches and warring with the Welsh . In these original ventures , the Normans failed to make any headway into Wales .", "question": "Where was Ralph earl of ?", "sent_token": ["Even", "before", "the", "Norman", "Conquest", "of", "England", ",", "the", "Normans", "had", "come", "into", "contact", "with", "Wales", ".", "Edward", "the", "Confessor", "had", "set", "up", "the", "aforementioned", "Ralph", "as", "earl", "of", "Hereford", "and", "charged", "him", "with", "defending", "the", "Marches", "and", "warring", "with", "the", "Welsh", ".", "In", "these", "original", "ventures", ",", "the", "Normans", "failed", "to", "make", "any", "headway", "into", "Wales", "."], "sample_type": "ori", "rel_ids": [1522]}
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{"id": 16, "title": "", "context": "Even before the Norman Conquest of England , the Normans had come into contact with Wales . Edward the Confessor had set up the aforementioned Ralph as earl of Hereford and charged him with defending the Marches and warring with the Welsh . In these original ventures , the Normans failed to make any headway into Wales .", "question": "Who was Ralph in charge of being at war with ?", "sent_token": ["Even", "before", "the", "Norman", "Conquest", "of", "England", ",", "the", "Normans", "had", "come", "into", "contact", "with", "Wales", ".", "Edward", "the", "Confessor", "had", "set", "up", "the", "aforementioned", "Ralph", "as", "earl", "of", "Hereford", "and", "charged", "him", "with", "defending", "the", "Marches", "and", "warring", "with", "the", "Welsh", ".", "In", "these", "original", "ventures", ",", "the", "Normans", "failed", "to", "make", "any", "headway", "into", "Wales", "."], "sample_type": "ori", "rel_ids": [1523]}
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{"id": 17, "title": "", "context": "Even before the Norman Conquest of England , the Normans had come into contact with Wales . Edward the Confessor had set up the aforementioned Ralph as earl of Hereford and charged him with defending the Marches and warring with the Welsh . In these original ventures , the Normans failed to make any headway into Wales .", "question": "Who made Ralph earl ?", "sent_token": ["Even", "before", "the", "Norman", "Conquest", "of", "England", ",", "the", "Normans", "had", "come", "into", "contact", "with", "Wales", ".", "Edward", "the", "Confessor", "had", "set", "up", "the", "aforementioned", "Ralph", "as", "earl", "of", "Hereford", "and", "charged", "him", "with", "defending", "the", "Marches", "and", "warring", "with", "the", "Welsh", ".", "In", "these", "original", "ventures", ",", "the", "Normans", "failed", "to", "make", "any", "headway", "into", "Wales", "."], "sample_type": "ori", "rel_ids": [1524]}
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{"id": 18, "title": "", "context": "Subsequent to the Conquest , however , the Marches came completely under the dominance of William 's most trusted Norman barons , including Bernard de Neufmarché , Roger of Montgomery in Shropshire and Hugh Lupus in Cheshire . These Normans began a long period of slow conquest during which almost all of Wales was at some point subject to Norman interference . Norman words , such as baron ( barwn ) , first entered Welsh at that time .", "question": "What country was under the control of Norman barons ?", "sent_token": ["Subsequent", "to", "the", "Conquest", ",", "however", ",", "the", "Marches", "came", "completely", "under", "the", "dominance", "of", "William", "'s", "most", "trusted", "Norman", "barons", ",", "including", "Bernard", "de", "Neufmarché", ",", "Roger", "of", "Montgomery", "in", "Shropshire", "and", "Hugh", "Lupus", "in", "Cheshire", ".", "These", "Normans", "began", "a", "long", "period", "of", "slow", "conquest", "during", "which", "almost", "all", "of", "Wales", "was", "at", "some", "point", "subject", "to", "Norman", "interference", ".", "Norman", "words", ",", "such", "as", "baron", "(", "barwn", ")", ",", "first", "entered", "Welsh", "at", "that", "time", "."], "sample_type": "ori", "rel_ids": [1525]}
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{"id": 19, "title": "", "context": "The legendary religious zeal of the Normans was exercised in religious wars long before the First Crusade carved out a Norman principality in Antioch . They were major foreign participants in the Reconquista in Iberia . In 1018 , Roger de Tosny travelled to the Iberian Peninsula to carve out a state for himself from Moorish lands , but failed . In 1064 , during the War of Barbastro , William of Montreuil led the papal army and took a huge booty .", "question": "What year did Roger de Tosny fail to accomplish what he set out to do ?", "sent_token": ["The", "legendary", "religious", "zeal", "of", "the", "Normans", "was", "exercised", "in", "religious", "wars", "long", "before", "the", "First", "Crusade", "carved", "out", "a", "Norman", "principality", "in", "Antioch", ".", "They", "were", "major", "foreign", "participants", "in", "the", "Reconquista", "in", "Iberia", ".", "In", "1018", ",", "Roger", "de", "Tosny", "travelled", "to", "the", "Iberian", "Peninsula", "to", "carve", "out", "a", "state", "for", "himself", "from", "Moorish", "lands", ",", "but", "failed", ".", "In", "1064", ",", "during", "the", "War", "of", "Barbastro", ",", "William", "of", "Montreuil", "led", "the", "papal", "army", "and", "took", "a", "huge", "booty", "."], "sample_type": "ori", "rel_ids": [1526]}
|
||
{"id": 20, "title": "", "context": "The legendary religious zeal of the Normans was exercised in religious wars long before the First Crusade carved out a Norman principality in Antioch . They were major foreign participants in the Reconquista in Iberia . In 1018 , Roger de Tosny travelled to the Iberian Peninsula to carve out a state for himself from Moorish lands , but failed . In 1064 , during the War of Barbastro , William of Montreuil led the papal army and took a huge booty .", "question": "Who was in charge of the papal army in the War of Barbastro ?", "sent_token": ["The", "legendary", "religious", "zeal", "of", "the", "Normans", "was", "exercised", "in", "religious", "wars", "long", "before", "the", "First", "Crusade", "carved", "out", "a", "Norman", "principality", "in", "Antioch", ".", "They", "were", "major", "foreign", "participants", "in", "the", "Reconquista", "in", "Iberia", ".", "In", "1018", ",", "Roger", "de", "Tosny", "travelled", "to", "the", "Iberian", "Peninsula", "to", "carve", "out", "a", "state", "for", "himself", "from", "Moorish", "lands", ",", "but", "failed", ".", "In", "1064", ",", "during", "the", "War", "of", "Barbastro", ",", "William", "of", "Montreuil", "led", "the", "papal", "army", "and", "took", "a", "huge", "booty", "."], "sample_type": "ori", "rel_ids": [1527]}
|
||
{"id": 21, "title": "", "context": "In 1096 , Crusaders passing by the siege of Amalfi were joined by Bohemond of Taranto and his nephew Tancred with an army of Italo - Normans . Bohemond was the de facto leader of the Crusade during its passage through Asia Minor . After the successful Siege of Antioch in 1097 , Bohemond began carving out an independent principality around that city . Tancred was instrumental in the conquest of Jerusalem and he worked for the expansion of the Crusader kingdom in Transjordan and the region of Galilee.[citation needed ]", "question": "When did the Siege of Antioch take place ?", "sent_token": ["In", "1096", ",", "Crusaders", "passing", "by", "the", "siege", "of", "Amalfi", "were", "joined", "by", "Bohemond", "of", "Taranto", "and", "his", "nephew", "Tancred", "with", "an", "army", "of", "Italo", "-", "Normans", ".", "Bohemond", "was", "the", "de", "facto", "leader", "of", "the", "Crusade", "during", "its", "passage", "through", "Asia", "Minor", ".", "After", "the", "successful", "Siege", "of", "Antioch", "in", "1097", ",", "Bohemond", "began", "carving", "out", "an", "independent", "principality", "around", "that", "city", ".", "Tancred", "was", "instrumental", "in", "the", "conquest", "of", "Jerusalem", "and", "he", "worked", "for", "the", "expansion", "of", "the", "Crusader", "kingdom", "in", "Transjordan", "and", "the", "region", "of", "Galilee.[citation", "needed", "]"], "sample_type": "ori", "rel_ids": [1528]}
|
||
{"id": 22, "title": "", "context": "In 1096 , Crusaders passing by the siege of Amalfi were joined by Bohemond of Taranto and his nephew Tancred with an army of Italo - Normans . Bohemond was the de facto leader of the Crusade during its passage through Asia Minor . After the successful Siege of Antioch in 1097 , Bohemond began carving out an independent principality around that city . Tancred was instrumental in the conquest of Jerusalem and he worked for the expansion of the Crusader kingdom in Transjordan and the region of Galilee.[citation needed ]", "question": "What was the name of Bohemond 's nephew ?", "sent_token": ["In", "1096", ",", "Crusaders", "passing", "by", "the", "siege", "of", "Amalfi", "were", "joined", "by", "Bohemond", "of", "Taranto", "and", "his", "nephew", "Tancred", "with", "an", "army", "of", "Italo", "-", "Normans", ".", "Bohemond", "was", "the", "de", "facto", "leader", "of", "the", "Crusade", "during", "its", "passage", "through", "Asia", "Minor", ".", "After", "the", "successful", "Siege", "of", "Antioch", "in", "1097", ",", "Bohemond", "began", "carving", "out", "an", "independent", "principality", "around", "that", "city", ".", "Tancred", "was", "instrumental", "in", "the", "conquest", "of", "Jerusalem", "and", "he", "worked", "for", "the", "expansion", "of", "the", "Crusader", "kingdom", "in", "Transjordan", "and", "the", "region", "of", "Galilee.[citation", "needed", "]"], "sample_type": "ori", "rel_ids": [1529]}
|
||
{"id": 23, "title": "", "context": "In 1096 , Crusaders passing by the siege of Amalfi were joined by Bohemond of Taranto and his nephew Tancred with an army of Italo - Normans . Bohemond was the de facto leader of the Crusade during its passage through Asia Minor . After the successful Siege of Antioch in 1097 , Bohemond began carving out an independent principality around that city . Tancred was instrumental in the conquest of Jerusalem and he worked for the expansion of the Crusader kingdom in Transjordan and the region of Galilee.[citation needed ]", "question": "What major conquest did Tancred play a roll in ?", "sent_token": ["In", "1096", ",", "Crusaders", "passing", "by", "the", "siege", "of", "Amalfi", "were", "joined", "by", "Bohemond", "of", "Taranto", "and", "his", "nephew", "Tancred", "with", "an", "army", "of", "Italo", "-", "Normans", ".", "Bohemond", "was", "the", "de", "facto", "leader", "of", "the", "Crusade", "during", "its", "passage", "through", "Asia", "Minor", ".", "After", "the", "successful", "Siege", "of", "Antioch", "in", "1097", ",", "Bohemond", "began", "carving", "out", "an", "independent", "principality", "around", "that", "city", ".", "Tancred", "was", "instrumental", "in", "the", "conquest", "of", "Jerusalem", "and", "he", "worked", "for", "the", "expansion", "of", "the", "Crusader", "kingdom", "in", "Transjordan", "and", "the", "region", "of", "Galilee.[citation", "needed", "]"], "sample_type": "ori", "rel_ids": [1530]}
|
||
{"id": 24, "title": "", "context": "The conquest of Cyprus by the Anglo - Norman forces of the Third Crusade opened a new chapter in the history of the island , which would be under Western European domination for the following 380 years . Although not part of a planned operation , the conquest had much more permanent results than initially expected .", "question": "How long did Western Europe control Cyprus ?", "sent_token": ["The", "conquest", "of", "Cyprus", "by", "the", "Anglo", "-", "Norman", "forces", "of", "the", "Third", "Crusade", "opened", "a", "new", "chapter", "in", "the", "history", "of", "the", "island", ",", "which", "would", "be", "under", "Western", "European", "domination", "for", "the", "following", "380", "years", ".", "Although", "not", "part", "of", "a", "planned", "operation", ",", "the", "conquest", "had", "much", "more", "permanent", "results", "than", "initially", "expected", "."], "sample_type": "ori", "rel_ids": [1531]}
|
||
{"id": 25, "title": "", "context": "Between 1402 and 1405 , the expedition led by the Norman noble Jean de Bethencourt and the Poitevine Gadifer de la Salle conquered the Canarian islands of Lanzarote , Fuerteventura and El Hierro off the Atlantic coast of Africa . Their troops were gathered in Normandy , Gascony and were later reinforced by Castilian colonists .", "question": "What continent are the Canarian Islands off the coast of ?", "sent_token": ["Between", "1402", "and", "1405", ",", "the", "expedition", "led", "by", "the", "Norman", "noble", "Jean", "de", "Bethencourt", "and", "the", "Poitevine", "Gadifer", "de", "la", "Salle", "conquered", "the", "Canarian", "islands", "of", "Lanzarote", ",", "Fuerteventura", "and", "El", "Hierro", "off", "the", "Atlantic", "coast", "of", "Africa", ".", "Their", "troops", "were", "gathered", "in", "Normandy", ",", "Gascony", "and", "were", "later", "reinforced", "by", "Castilian", "colonists", "."], "sample_type": "ori", "rel_ids": [1532]}
|
||
{"id": 26, "title": "", "context": "Bethencourt took the title of King of the Canary Islands , as vassal to Henry III of Castile . In 1418 , Jean 's nephew Maciot de Bethencourt sold the rights to the islands to Enrique Pérez de Guzmán , 2nd Count de Niebla .", "question": "Who became the King of the Canary Islands ?", "sent_token": ["Bethencourt", "took", "the", "title", "of", "King", "of", "the", "Canary", "Islands", ",", "as", "vassal", "to", "Henry", "III", "of", "Castile", ".", "In", "1418", ",", "Jean", "'s", "nephew", "Maciot", "de", "Bethencourt", "sold", "the", "rights", "to", "the", "islands", "to", "Enrique", "Pérez", "de", "Guzmán", ",", "2nd", "Count", "de", "Niebla", "."], "sample_type": "ori", "rel_ids": [1533]}
|
||
{"id": 27, "title": "", "context": "Bethencourt took the title of King of the Canary Islands , as vassal to Henry III of Castile . In 1418 , Jean 's nephew Maciot de Bethencourt sold the rights to the islands to Enrique Pérez de Guzmán , 2nd Count de Niebla .", "question": "Who bought the rights ?", "sent_token": ["Bethencourt", "took", "the", "title", "of", "King", "of", "the", "Canary", "Islands", ",", "as", "vassal", "to", "Henry", "III", "of", "Castile", ".", "In", "1418", ",", "Jean", "'s", "nephew", "Maciot", "de", "Bethencourt", "sold", "the", "rights", "to", "the", "islands", "to", "Enrique", "Pérez", "de", "Guzmán", ",", "2nd", "Count", "de", "Niebla", "."], "sample_type": "ori", "rel_ids": [1534]}
|
||
{"id": 28, "title": "", "context": "Bethencourt took the title of King of the Canary Islands , as vassal to Henry III of Castile . In 1418 , Jean 's nephew Maciot de Bethencourt sold the rights to the islands to Enrique Pérez de Guzmán , 2nd Count de Niebla .", "question": "Who sold the rights ?", "sent_token": ["Bethencourt", "took", "the", "title", "of", "King", "of", "the", "Canary", "Islands", ",", "as", "vassal", "to", "Henry", "III", "of", "Castile", ".", "In", "1418", ",", "Jean", "'s", "nephew", "Maciot", "de", "Bethencourt", "sold", "the", "rights", "to", "the", "islands", "to", "Enrique", "Pérez", "de", "Guzmán", ",", "2nd", "Count", "de", "Niebla", "."], "sample_type": "ori", "rel_ids": [1535]}
|
||
{"id": 29, "title": "", "context": "The customary law of Normandy was developed between the 10th and 13th centuries and survives today through the legal systems of Jersey and Guernsey in the Channel Islands . Norman customary law was transcribed in two customaries in Latin by two judges for use by them and their colleagues : These are the Très ancien coutumier ( Very ancient customary ) , authored between 1200 and 1245 ; and the Grand coutumier de Normandie ( Great customary of Normandy , originally Summa de legibus Normanniae in curia laïcali ) , authored between 1235 and 1245 .", "question": "Where are Jersey and Guernsey", "sent_token": ["The", "customary", "law", "of", "Normandy", "was", "developed", "between", "the", "10th", "and", "13th", "centuries", "and", "survives", "today", "through", "the", "legal", "systems", "of", "Jersey", "and", "Guernsey", "in", "the", "Channel", "Islands", ".", "Norman", "customary", "law", "was", "transcribed", "in", "two", "customaries", "in", "Latin", "by", "two", "judges", "for", "use", "by", "them", "and", "their", "colleagues", ":", "These", "are", "the", "Très", "ancien", "coutumier", "(", "Very", "ancient", "customary", ")", ",", "authored", "between", "1200", "and", "1245", ";", "and", "the", "Grand", "coutumier", "de", "Normandie", "(", "Great", "customary", "of", "Normandy", ",", "originally", "Summa", "de", "legibus", "Normanniae", "in", "curia", "laïcali", ")", ",", "authored", "between", "1235", "and", "1245", "."], "sample_type": "ori", "rel_ids": [1536]}
|
||
{"id": 30, "title": "", "context": "The customary law of Normandy was developed between the 10th and 13th centuries and survives today through the legal systems of Jersey and Guernsey in the Channel Islands . Norman customary law was transcribed in two customaries in Latin by two judges for use by them and their colleagues : These are the Très ancien coutumier ( Very ancient customary ) , authored between 1200 and 1245 ; and the Grand coutumier de Normandie ( Great customary of Normandy , originally Summa de legibus Normanniae in curia laïcali ) , authored between 1235 and 1245 .", "question": "How many customaries does Norman customary law have ?", "sent_token": ["The", "customary", "law", "of", "Normandy", "was", "developed", "between", "the", "10th", "and", "13th", "centuries", "and", "survives", "today", "through", "the", "legal", "systems", "of", "Jersey", "and", "Guernsey", "in", "the", "Channel", "Islands", ".", "Norman", "customary", "law", "was", "transcribed", "in", "two", "customaries", "in", "Latin", "by", "two", "judges", "for", "use", "by", "them", "and", "their", "colleagues", ":", "These", "are", "the", "Très", "ancien", "coutumier", "(", "Very", "ancient", "customary", ")", ",", "authored", "between", "1200", "and", "1245", ";", "and", "the", "Grand", "coutumier", "de", "Normandie", "(", "Great", "customary", "of", "Normandy", ",", "originally", "Summa", "de", "legibus", "Normanniae", "in", "curia", "laïcali", ")", ",", "authored", "between", "1235", "and", "1245", "."], "sample_type": "ori", "rel_ids": [1537]}
|
||
{"id": 31, "title": "", "context": "Norman architecture typically stands out as a new stage in the architectural history of the regions they subdued . They spread a unique Romanesque idiom to England and Italy , and the encastellation of these regions with keeps in their north French style fundamentally altered the military landscape . Their style was characterised by rounded arches , particularly over windows and doorways , and massive proportions .", "question": "What is the Norman architecture idiom ?", "sent_token": ["Norman", "architecture", "typically", "stands", "out", "as", "a", "new", "stage", "in", "the", "architectural", "history", "of", "the", "regions", "they", "subdued", ".", "They", "spread", "a", "unique", "Romanesque", "idiom", "to", "England", "and", "Italy", ",", "and", "the", "encastellation", "of", "these", "regions", "with", "keeps", "in", "their", "north", "French", "style", "fundamentally", "altered", "the", "military", "landscape", ".", "Their", "style", "was", "characterised", "by", "rounded", "arches", ",", "particularly", "over", "windows", "and", "doorways", ",", "and", "massive", "proportions", "."], "sample_type": "ori", "rel_ids": [1538]}
|
||
{"id": 32, "title": "", "context": "Norman architecture typically stands out as a new stage in the architectural history of the regions they subdued . They spread a unique Romanesque idiom to England and Italy , and the encastellation of these regions with keeps in their north French style fundamentally altered the military landscape . Their style was characterised by rounded arches , particularly over windows and doorways , and massive proportions .", "question": "What kind of arches does Norman architecture have ?", "sent_token": ["Norman", "architecture", "typically", "stands", "out", "as", "a", "new", "stage", "in", "the", "architectural", "history", "of", "the", "regions", "they", "subdued", ".", "They", "spread", "a", "unique", "Romanesque", "idiom", "to", "England", "and", "Italy", ",", "and", "the", "encastellation", "of", "these", "regions", "with", "keeps", "in", "their", "north", "French", "style", "fundamentally", "altered", "the", "military", "landscape", ".", "Their", "style", "was", "characterised", "by", "rounded", "arches", ",", "particularly", "over", "windows", "and", "doorways", ",", "and", "massive", "proportions", "."], "sample_type": "ori", "rel_ids": [1539]}
|
||
{"id": 33, "title": "", "context": "In England , the period of Norman architecture immediately succeeds that of the Anglo - Saxon and precedes the Early Gothic . In southern Italy , the Normans incorporated elements of Islamic , Lombard , and Byzantine building techniques into their own , initiating a unique style known as Norman - Arab architecture within the Kingdom of Sicily .", "question": "What architecture type came after Norman in England ?", "sent_token": ["In", "England", ",", "the", "period", "of", "Norman", "architecture", "immediately", "succeeds", "that", "of", "the", "Anglo", "-", "Saxon", "and", "precedes", "the", "Early", "Gothic", ".", "In", "southern", "Italy", ",", "the", "Normans", "incorporated", "elements", "of", "Islamic", ",", "Lombard", ",", "and", "Byzantine", "building", "techniques", "into", "their", "own", ",", "initiating", "a", "unique", "style", "known", "as", "Norman", "-", "Arab", "architecture", "within", "the", "Kingdom", "of", "Sicily", "."], "sample_type": "ori", "rel_ids": [1540]}
|
||
{"id": 34, "title": "", "context": "In England , the period of Norman architecture immediately succeeds that of the Anglo - Saxon and precedes the Early Gothic . In southern Italy , the Normans incorporated elements of Islamic , Lombard , and Byzantine building techniques into their own , initiating a unique style known as Norman - Arab architecture within the Kingdom of Sicily .", "question": "What architecture type came before Norman in England ?", "sent_token": ["In", "England", ",", "the", "period", "of", "Norman", "architecture", "immediately", "succeeds", "that", "of", "the", "Anglo", "-", "Saxon", "and", "precedes", "the", "Early", "Gothic", ".", "In", "southern", "Italy", ",", "the", "Normans", "incorporated", "elements", "of", "Islamic", ",", "Lombard", ",", "and", "Byzantine", "building", "techniques", "into", "their", "own", ",", "initiating", "a", "unique", "style", "known", "as", "Norman", "-", "Arab", "architecture", "within", "the", "Kingdom", "of", "Sicily", "."], "sample_type": "ori", "rel_ids": [1541]}
|
||
{"id": 35, "title": "", "context": "In England , the period of Norman architecture immediately succeeds that of the Anglo - Saxon and precedes the Early Gothic . In southern Italy , the Normans incorporated elements of Islamic , Lombard , and Byzantine building techniques into their own , initiating a unique style known as Norman - Arab architecture within the Kingdom of Sicily .", "question": "What place had the Norman Arab architectural style ?", "sent_token": ["In", "England", ",", "the", "period", "of", "Norman", "architecture", "immediately", "succeeds", "that", "of", "the", "Anglo", "-", "Saxon", "and", "precedes", "the", "Early", "Gothic", ".", "In", "southern", "Italy", ",", "the", "Normans", "incorporated", "elements", "of", "Islamic", ",", "Lombard", ",", "and", "Byzantine", "building", "techniques", "into", "their", "own", ",", "initiating", "a", "unique", "style", "known", "as", "Norman", "-", "Arab", "architecture", "within", "the", "Kingdom", "of", "Sicily", "."], "sample_type": "ori", "rel_ids": [1542]}
|
||
{"id": 36, "title": "", "context": "The French Wars of Religion in the 16th century and French Revolution in the 18th successively destroyed much of what existed in the way of the architectural and artistic remnant of this Norman creativity . The former , with their violence , caused the wanton destruction of many Norman edifices ; the latter , with its assault on religion , caused the purposeful destruction of religious objects of any type , and its destabilisation of society resulted in rampant pillaging .", "question": "When were the French wars of religion ?", "sent_token": ["The", "French", "Wars", "of", "Religion", "in", "the", "16th", "century", "and", "French", "Revolution", "in", "the", "18th", "successively", "destroyed", "much", "of", "what", "existed", "in", "the", "way", "of", "the", "architectural", "and", "artistic", "remnant", "of", "this", "Norman", "creativity", ".", "The", "former", ",", "with", "their", "violence", ",", "caused", "the", "wanton", "destruction", "of", "many", "Norman", "edifices", ";", "the", "latter", ",", "with", "its", "assault", "on", "religion", ",", "caused", "the", "purposeful", "destruction", "of", "religious", "objects", "of", "any", "type", ",", "and", "its", "destabilisation", "of", "society", "resulted", "in", "rampant", "pillaging", "."], "sample_type": "ori", "rel_ids": [1543]}
|
||
{"id": 37, "title": "", "context": "By far the most famous work of Norman art is the Bayeux Tapestry , which is not a tapestry but a work of embroidery . It was commissioned by Odo , the Bishop of Bayeux and first Earl of Kent , employing natives from Kent who were learned in the Nordic traditions imported in the previous half century by the Danish Vikings .", "question": "What kind of needlework was used in the creation of the Bayeux Tapestry ?", "sent_token": ["By", "far", "the", "most", "famous", "work", "of", "Norman", "art", "is", "the", "Bayeux", "Tapestry", ",", "which", "is", "not", "a", "tapestry", "but", "a", "work", "of", "embroidery", ".", "It", "was", "commissioned", "by", "Odo", ",", "the", "Bishop", "of", "Bayeux", "and", "first", "Earl", "of", "Kent", ",", "employing", "natives", "from", "Kent", "who", "were", "learned", "in", "the", "Nordic", "traditions", "imported", "in", "the", "previous", "half", "century", "by", "the", "Danish", "Vikings", "."], "sample_type": "ori", "rel_ids": [1544]}
|
||
{"id": 38, "title": "", "context": "By far the most famous work of Norman art is the Bayeux Tapestry , which is not a tapestry but a work of embroidery . It was commissioned by Odo , the Bishop of Bayeux and first Earl of Kent , employing natives from Kent who were learned in the Nordic traditions imported in the previous half century by the Danish Vikings .", "question": "What is Norman art 's most well known piece ?", "sent_token": ["By", "far", "the", "most", "famous", "work", "of", "Norman", "art", "is", "the", "Bayeux", "Tapestry", ",", "which", "is", "not", "a", "tapestry", "but", "a", "work", "of", "embroidery", ".", "It", "was", "commissioned", "by", "Odo", ",", "the", "Bishop", "of", "Bayeux", "and", "first", "Earl", "of", "Kent", ",", "employing", "natives", "from", "Kent", "who", "were", "learned", "in", "the", "Nordic", "traditions", "imported", "in", "the", "previous", "half", "century", "by", "the", "Danish", "Vikings", "."], "sample_type": "ori", "rel_ids": [1545]}
|
||
{"id": 39, "title": "", "context": "By far the most famous work of Norman art is the Bayeux Tapestry , which is not a tapestry but a work of embroidery . It was commissioned by Odo , the Bishop of Bayeux and first Earl of Kent , employing natives from Kent who were learned in the Nordic traditions imported in the previous half century by the Danish Vikings .", "question": "Who commissioned the Tapestry ?", "sent_token": ["By", "far", "the", "most", "famous", "work", "of", "Norman", "art", "is", "the", "Bayeux", "Tapestry", ",", "which", "is", "not", "a", "tapestry", "but", "a", "work", "of", "embroidery", ".", "It", "was", "commissioned", "by", "Odo", ",", "the", "Bishop", "of", "Bayeux", "and", "first", "Earl", "of", "Kent", ",", "employing", "natives", "from", "Kent", "who", "were", "learned", "in", "the", "Nordic", "traditions", "imported", "in", "the", "previous", "half", "century", "by", "the", "Danish", "Vikings", "."], "sample_type": "ori", "rel_ids": [1546]}
|
||
{"id": 40, "title": "", "context": "At Saint Evroul , a tradition of singing had developed and the choir achieved fame in Normandy . Under the Norman abbot Robert de Grantmesnil , several monks of Saint - Evroul fled to southern Italy , where they were patronised by Robert Guiscard and established a Latin monastery at Sant'Eufemia . There they continued the tradition of singing .", "question": "Where did the monks flee to ?", "sent_token": ["At", "Saint", "Evroul", ",", "a", "tradition", "of", "singing", "had", "developed", "and", "the", "choir", "achieved", "fame", "in", "Normandy", ".", "Under", "the", "Norman", "abbot", "Robert", "de", "Grantmesnil", ",", "several", "monks", "of", "Saint", "-", "Evroul", "fled", "to", "southern", "Italy", ",", "where", "they", "were", "patronised", "by", "Robert", "Guiscard", "and", "established", "a", "Latin", "monastery", "at", "Sant'Eufemia", ".", "There", "they", "continued", "the", "tradition", "of", "singing", "."], "sample_type": "ori", "rel_ids": [1547]}
|
||
{"id": 41, "title": "", "context": "At Saint Evroul , a tradition of singing had developed and the choir achieved fame in Normandy . Under the Norman abbot Robert de Grantmesnil , several monks of Saint - Evroul fled to southern Italy , where they were patronised by Robert Guiscard and established a Latin monastery at Sant'Eufemia . There they continued the tradition of singing .", "question": "What monastery did the Saint - Evroul monks establish in Italy ?", "sent_token": ["At", "Saint", "Evroul", ",", "a", "tradition", "of", "singing", "had", "developed", "and", "the", "choir", "achieved", "fame", "in", "Normandy", ".", "Under", "the", "Norman", "abbot", "Robert", "de", "Grantmesnil", ",", "several", "monks", "of", "Saint", "-", "Evroul", "fled", "to", "southern", "Italy", ",", "where", "they", "were", "patronised", "by", "Robert", "Guiscard", "and", "established", "a", "Latin", "monastery", "at", "Sant'Eufemia", ".", "There", "they", "continued", "the", "tradition", "of", "singing", "."], "sample_type": "ori", "rel_ids": [1548]}
|
||
{"id": 42, "title": "", "context": "At Saint Evroul , a tradition of singing had developed and the choir achieved fame in Normandy . Under the Norman abbot Robert de Grantmesnil , several monks of Saint - Evroul fled to southern Italy , where they were patronised by Robert Guiscard and established a Latin monastery at Sant'Eufemia . There they continued the tradition of singing .", "question": "Who patronized the monks in Italy ?", "sent_token": ["At", "Saint", "Evroul", ",", "a", "tradition", "of", "singing", "had", "developed", "and", "the", "choir", "achieved", "fame", "in", "Normandy", ".", "Under", "the", "Norman", "abbot", "Robert", "de", "Grantmesnil", ",", "several", "monks", "of", "Saint", "-", "Evroul", "fled", "to", "southern", "Italy", ",", "where", "they", "were", "patronised", "by", "Robert", "Guiscard", "and", "established", "a", "Latin", "monastery", "at", "Sant'Eufemia", ".", "There", "they", "continued", "the", "tradition", "of", "singing", "."], "sample_type": "ori", "rel_ids": [1549]}
|
||
{"id": 43, "title": "", "context": "At Saint Evroul , a tradition of singing had developed and the choir achieved fame in Normandy . Under the Norman abbot Robert de Grantmesnil , several monks of Saint - Evroul fled to southern Italy , where they were patronised by Robert Guiscard and established a Latin monastery at Sant'Eufemia . There they continued the tradition of singing .", "question": "What tradition were the Saint - Evroul monks known for ?", "sent_token": ["At", "Saint", "Evroul", ",", "a", "tradition", "of", "singing", "had", "developed", "and", "the", "choir", "achieved", "fame", "in", "Normandy", ".", "Under", "the", "Norman", "abbot", "Robert", "de", "Grantmesnil", ",", "several", "monks", "of", "Saint", "-", "Evroul", "fled", "to", "southern", "Italy", ",", "where", "they", "were", "patronised", "by", "Robert", "Guiscard", "and", "established", "a", "Latin", "monastery", "at", "Sant'Eufemia", ".", "There", "they", "continued", "the", "tradition", "of", "singing", "."], "sample_type": "ori", "rel_ids": [1550]}
|
||
{"id": 44, "title": "", "context": "Computational complexity theory is a branch of the theory of computation in theoretical computer science that focuses on classifying computational problems according to their inherent difficulty , and relating those classes to each other . A computational problem is understood to be a task that is in principle amenable to being solved by a computer , which is equivalent to stating that the problem may be solved by mechanical application of mathematical steps , such as an algorithm .", "question": "What branch of theoretical computer science deals with broadly classifying computational problems by difficulty and class of relationship ?", "sent_token": ["Computational", "complexity", "theory", "is", "a", "branch", "of", "the", "theory", "of", "computation", "in", "theoretical", "computer", "science", "that", "focuses", "on", "classifying", "computational", "problems", "according", "to", "their", "inherent", "difficulty", ",", "and", "relating", "those", "classes", "to", "each", "other", ".", "A", "computational", "problem", "is", "understood", "to", "be", "a", "task", "that", "is", "in", "principle", "amenable", "to", "being", "solved", "by", "a", "computer", ",", "which", "is", "equivalent", "to", "stating", "that", "the", "problem", "may", "be", "solved", "by", "mechanical", "application", "of", "mathematical", "steps", ",", "such", "as", "an", "algorithm", "."], "sample_type": "ori", "rel_ids": [1551]}
|
||
{"id": 45, "title": "", "context": "Computational complexity theory is a branch of the theory of computation in theoretical computer science that focuses on classifying computational problems according to their inherent difficulty , and relating those classes to each other . A computational problem is understood to be a task that is in principle amenable to being solved by a computer , which is equivalent to stating that the problem may be solved by mechanical application of mathematical steps , such as an algorithm .", "question": "By what main attribute are computational problems classified utilizing computational complexity theory ?", "sent_token": ["Computational", "complexity", "theory", "is", "a", "branch", "of", "the", "theory", "of", "computation", "in", "theoretical", "computer", "science", "that", "focuses", "on", "classifying", "computational", "problems", "according", "to", "their", "inherent", "difficulty", ",", "and", "relating", "those", "classes", "to", "each", "other", ".", "A", "computational", "problem", "is", "understood", "to", "be", "a", "task", "that", "is", "in", "principle", "amenable", "to", "being", "solved", "by", "a", "computer", ",", "which", "is", "equivalent", "to", "stating", "that", "the", "problem", "may", "be", "solved", "by", "mechanical", "application", "of", "mathematical", "steps", ",", "such", "as", "an", "algorithm", "."], "sample_type": "ori", "rel_ids": [1552]}
|
||
{"id": 46, "title": "", "context": "Computational complexity theory is a branch of the theory of computation in theoretical computer science that focuses on classifying computational problems according to their inherent difficulty , and relating those classes to each other . A computational problem is understood to be a task that is in principle amenable to being solved by a computer , which is equivalent to stating that the problem may be solved by mechanical application of mathematical steps , such as an algorithm .", "question": "What is the term for a task that generally lends itself to being solved by a computer ?", "sent_token": ["Computational", "complexity", "theory", "is", "a", "branch", "of", "the", "theory", "of", "computation", "in", "theoretical", "computer", "science", "that", "focuses", "on", "classifying", "computational", "problems", "according", "to", "their", "inherent", "difficulty", ",", "and", "relating", "those", "classes", "to", "each", "other", ".", "A", "computational", "problem", "is", "understood", "to", "be", "a", "task", "that", "is", "in", "principle", "amenable", "to", "being", "solved", "by", "a", "computer", ",", "which", "is", "equivalent", "to", "stating", "that", "the", "problem", "may", "be", "solved", "by", "mechanical", "application", "of", "mathematical", "steps", ",", "such", "as", "an", "algorithm", "."], "sample_type": "ori", "rel_ids": [1553]}
|
||
{"id": 47, "title": "", "context": "To further highlight the difference between a problem and an instance , consider the following instance of the decision version of the traveling salesman problem : Is there a route of at most 2000 kilometres passing through all of Germany 's 15 largest cities ? The quantitative answer to this particular problem instance is of little use for solving other instances of the problem , such as asking for a round trip through all sites in Milan whose total length is at most 10 km . For this reason , complexity theory addresses computational problems and not particular problem instances .", "question": "By how many kilometers does the traveling salesman problem seek to classify a route between the 15 largest cities in Germany ?", "sent_token": ["To", "further", "highlight", "the", "difference", "between", "a", "problem", "and", "an", "instance", ",", "consider", "the", "following", "instance", "of", "the", "decision", "version", "of", "the", "traveling", "salesman", "problem", ":", "Is", "there", "a", "route", "of", "at", "most", "2000", "kilometres", "passing", "through", "all", "of", "Germany", "'s", "15", "largest", "cities", "?", "The", "quantitative", "answer", "to", "this", "particular", "problem", "instance", "is", "of", "little", "use", "for", "solving", "other", "instances", "of", "the", "problem", ",", "such", "as", "asking", "for", "a", "round", "trip", "through", "all", "sites", "in", "Milan", "whose", "total", "length", "is", "at", "most", "10", "km", ".", "For", "this", "reason", ",", "complexity", "theory", "addresses", "computational", "problems", "and", "not", "particular", "problem", "instances", "."], "sample_type": "ori", "rel_ids": [1554]}
|
||
{"id": 48, "title": "", "context": "To further highlight the difference between a problem and an instance , consider the following instance of the decision version of the traveling salesman problem : Is there a route of at most 2000 kilometres passing through all of Germany 's 15 largest cities ? The quantitative answer to this particular problem instance is of little use for solving other instances of the problem , such as asking for a round trip through all sites in Milan whose total length is at most 10 km . For this reason , complexity theory addresses computational problems and not particular problem instances .", "question": "What is one example of an instance that the quantitative answer to the traveling salesman problem fails to answer ?", "sent_token": ["To", "further", "highlight", "the", "difference", "between", "a", "problem", "and", "an", "instance", ",", "consider", "the", "following", "instance", "of", "the", "decision", "version", "of", "the", "traveling", "salesman", "problem", ":", "Is", "there", "a", "route", "of", "at", "most", "2000", "kilometres", "passing", "through", "all", "of", "Germany", "'s", "15", "largest", "cities", "?", "The", "quantitative", "answer", "to", "this", "particular", "problem", "instance", "is", "of", "little", "use", "for", "solving", "other", "instances", "of", "the", "problem", ",", "such", "as", "asking", "for", "a", "round", "trip", "through", "all", "sites", "in", "Milan", "whose", "total", "length", "is", "at", "most", "10", "km", ".", "For", "this", "reason", ",", "complexity", "theory", "addresses", "computational", "problems", "and", "not", "particular", "problem", "instances", "."], "sample_type": "ori", "rel_ids": [1555]}
|
||
{"id": 49, "title": "", "context": "To further highlight the difference between a problem and an instance , consider the following instance of the decision version of the traveling salesman problem : Is there a route of at most 2000 kilometres passing through all of Germany 's 15 largest cities ? The quantitative answer to this particular problem instance is of little use for solving other instances of the problem , such as asking for a round trip through all sites in Milan whose total length is at most 10 km . For this reason , complexity theory addresses computational problems and not particular problem instances .", "question": "What does computational complexity theory most specifically seek to answer ?", "sent_token": ["To", "further", "highlight", "the", "difference", "between", "a", "problem", "and", "an", "instance", ",", "consider", "the", "following", "instance", "of", "the", "decision", "version", "of", "the", "traveling", "salesman", "problem", ":", "Is", "there", "a", "route", "of", "at", "most", "2000", "kilometres", "passing", "through", "all", "of", "Germany", "'s", "15", "largest", "cities", "?", "The", "quantitative", "answer", "to", "this", "particular", "problem", "instance", "is", "of", "little", "use", "for", "solving", "other", "instances", "of", "the", "problem", ",", "such", "as", "asking", "for", "a", "round", "trip", "through", "all", "sites", "in", "Milan", "whose", "total", "length", "is", "at", "most", "10", "km", ".", "For", "this", "reason", ",", "complexity", "theory", "addresses", "computational", "problems", "and", "not", "particular", "problem", "instances", "."], "sample_type": "ori", "rel_ids": [1556]}
|
||
{"id": 50, "title": "", "context": "When considering computational problems , a problem instance is a string over an alphabet . Usually , the alphabet is taken to be the binary alphabet ( i.e. , the set { 0,1 } ) , and thus the strings are bitstrings . As in a real - world computer , mathematical objects other than bitstrings must be suitably encoded . For example , integers can be represented in binary notation , and graphs can be encoded directly via their adjacency matrices , or by encoding their adjacency lists in binary .", "question": "In a computational problem , what can be described as a string over an alphabet ?", "sent_token": ["When", "considering", "computational", "problems", ",", "a", "problem", "instance", "is", "a", "string", "over", "an", "alphabet", ".", "Usually", ",", "the", "alphabet", "is", "taken", "to", "be", "the", "binary", "alphabet", "(", "i.e.", ",", "the", "set", "{", "0,1", "}", ")", ",", "and", "thus", "the", "strings", "are", "bitstrings", ".", "As", "in", "a", "real", "-", "world", "computer", ",", "mathematical", "objects", "other", "than", "bitstrings", "must", "be", "suitably", "encoded", ".", "For", "example", ",", "integers", "can", "be", "represented", "in", "binary", "notation", ",", "and", "graphs", "can", "be", "encoded", "directly", "via", "their", "adjacency", "matrices", ",", "or", "by", "encoding", "their", "adjacency", "lists", "in", "binary", "."], "sample_type": "ori", "rel_ids": [1557]}
|
||
{"id": 1508, "title": "", "context": "The English name \" Normans \" comes from the French words Normans / Normanz , plural of Normant , modern French normand , which is itself borrowed from Old Low Franconian Nortmann \" Northman \" or directly from Old Norse Norðmaðr , Latinized variously as Nortmannus , Normannus , or Nordmannus ( recorded in Medieval Latin , 9th century ) to mean \" Norseman , Viking \" .", "question": "what is the original denotation of the word Norman ?", "sent_token": ["The", "English", "name", "\"", "Normans", "\"", "comes", "from", "the", "French", "words", "Normans", "/", "Normanz", ",", "plural", "of", "Normant", ",", "modern", "French", "normand", ",", "which", "is", "itself", "borrowed", "from", "Old", "Low", "Franconian", "Nortmann", "\"", "Northman", "\"", "or", "directly", "from", "Old", "Norse", "Norðmaðr", ",", "Latinized", "variously", "as", "Nortmannus", ",", "Normannus", ",", "or", "Nordmannus", "(", "recorded", "in", "Medieval", "Latin", ",", "9th", "century", ")", "to", "mean", "\"", "Norseman", ",", "Viking", "\"", "."], "sample_type": "disturb"}
|
||
{"id": 1509, "title": "", "context": "The English name \" Normans \" comes from the French words Normans / Normanz , plural of Normant , modern French normand , which is borrowed from Old Low Franconian Nortmann \" Northman \" or from Old Norse Norðmaðr , Latinized as Nortmannus , Normannus , or Nordmannus ( recorded in Medieval Latin , 9th century ) to mean \" Norseman , Viking \" .", "question": "When was the Latin version of the word Norman first recorded ?", "sent_token": ["The", "English", "name", "\"", "Normans", "\"", "comes", "from", "the", "French", "words", "Normans", "/", "Normanz", ",", "plural", "of", "Normant", ",", "modern", "French", "normand", ",", "which", "is", "borrowed", "from", "Old", "Low", "Franconian", "Nortmann", "\"", "Northman", "\"", "or", "from", "Old", "Norse", "Norðmaðr", ",", "Latinized", "as", "Nortmannus", ",", "Normannus", ",", "or", "Nordmannus", "(", "recorded", "in", "Medieval", "Latin", ",", "9th", "century", ")", "to", "mean", "\"", "Norseman", ",", "Viking", "\"", "."], "sample_type": "disturb"}
|
||
{"id": 1510, "title": "", "context": "The descendants of Rollo 's Vikings and their Frankish wives would replace the Norse religion and Old Norse language with Catholicism ( Christianity ) and the Gallo - Romance language of the local people , blending their maternal Frankish heritage with Old Norse traditions and customs to compose a unique \" Norman \" culture in the north of France . The Norman language was forged by the adoption of the indigenous langue d'oïl branch of Romance by a Norse - speaking ruling class , and it developed into the regional language that survives today .", "question": "What was the Norman religion ?", "sent_token": ["The", "descendants", "of", "Rollo", "'s", "Vikings", "and", "their", "Frankish", "wives", "would", "replace", "the", "Norse", "religion", "and", "Old", "Norse", "language", "with", "Catholicism", "(", "Christianity", ")", "and", "the", "Gallo", "-", "Romance", "language", "of", "the", "local", "people", ",", "blending", "their", "maternal", "Frankish", "heritage", "with", "Old", "Norse", "traditions", "and", "customs", "to", "compose", "a", "unique", "\"", "Norman", "\"", "culture", "in", "the", "north", "of", "France", ".", "The", "Norman", "language", "was", "forged", "by", "the", "adoption", "of", "the", "indigenous", "langue", "d'oïl", "branch", "of", "Romance", "by", "a", "Norse", "-", "speaking", "ruling", "class", ",", "and", "it", "developed", "into", "the", "regional", "language", "that", "survives", "today", "."], "sample_type": "disturb"}
|
||
{"id": 1511, "title": "", "context": "The descendants of Rollo 's Vikings and their Frankish wives would replace the Norse religion and Old Norse language with Catholicism ( Christianity ) and the Gallo - Romance language of the local people , blending their maternal Frankish heritage with Old Norse traditions and customs to synthesize a unique \" Norman \" culture in the north of France . The Norman language was forged by the adoption of the indigenous langue d'oïl branch of Romance by a Norse - speaking ruling class , and it developed into the regional language that survives today .", "question": "Where in France were the Normans located", "sent_token": ["The", "descendants", "of", "Rollo", "'s", "Vikings", "and", "their", "Frankish", "wives", "would", "replace", "the", "Norse", "religion", "and", "Old", "Norse", "language", "with", "Catholicism", "(", "Christianity", ")", "and", "the", "Gallo", "-", "Romance", "language", "of", "the", "local", "people", ",", "blending", "their", "maternal", "Frankish", "heritage", "with", "Old", "Norse", "traditions", "and", "customs", "to", "synthesize", "a", "unique", "\"", "Norman", "\"", "culture", "in", "the", "north", "of", "France", ".", "The", "Norman", "language", "was", "forged", "by", "the", "adoption", "of", "the", "indigenous", "langue", "d'oïl", "branch", "of", "Romance", "by", "a", "Norse", "-", "speaking", "ruling", "class", ",", "and", "it", "developed", "into", "the", "regional", "language", "that", "survives", "today", "."], "sample_type": "disturb"}
|
||
{"id": 1512, "title": "", "context": "One of the first Norman mercenaries to serve as a Byzantine general was Hervé in the 1050s . By then however , there were already Norman mercenaries serving as far away as Trebizond and Georgia . They were based at Malatya and Edessa , under the Byzantine duke of Antioch , Isaac Komnenos . In the 1060s , Robert Crispin led the Normans of Edessa against the Turks . Roussel de Bailleul even tried to carve out an independent state in Asia Minor with support from the local population , but he was stopped by the Byzantine general Alexius Komnenos .", "question": "When did Herve assume the role of Byzantine general ?", "sent_token": ["One", "of", "the", "first", "Norman", "mercenaries", "to", "serve", "as", "a", "Byzantine", "general", "was", "Hervé", "in", "the", "1050s", ".", "By", "then", "however", ",", "there", "were", "already", "Norman", "mercenaries", "serving", "as", "far", "away", "as", "Trebizond", "and", "Georgia", ".", "They", "were", "based", "at", "Malatya", "and", "Edessa", ",", "under", "the", "Byzantine", "duke", "of", "Antioch", ",", "Isaac", "Komnenos", ".", "In", "the", "1060s", ",", "Robert", "Crispin", "led", "the", "Normans", "of", "Edessa", "against", "the", "Turks", ".", "Roussel", "de", "Bailleul", "even", "tried", "to", "carve", "out", "an", "independent", "state", "in", "Asia", "Minor", "with", "support", "from", "the", "local", "population", ",", "but", "he", "was", "stopped", "by", "the", "Byzantine", "general", "Alexius", "Komnenos", "."], "sample_type": "disturb"}
|
||
{"id": 1513, "title": "", "context": "One of the first Norman mercenaries to serve as a Byzantine general was Hervé in the 1050s . By then however , there were already Norman mercenaries serving as far away as Trebizond and Georgia . They were based at Malatya and Edessa , under the Byzantine duke of Antioch , Isaac Komnenos . In the 1060s , Robert Crispin led the Normans of Edessa against the Turks . Roussel de Bailleul even tried to carve out an independent state in Asia Minor with support from the local population , but he was stopped by the Byzantine general Alexius Komnenos .", "question": "When did Robert Crispin fought against the Turks ?", "sent_token": ["One", "of", "the", "first", "Norman", "mercenaries", "to", "serve", "as", "a", "Byzantine", "general", "was", "Hervé", "in", "the", "1050s", ".", "By", "then", "however", ",", "there", "were", "already", "Norman", "mercenaries", "serving", "as", "far", "away", "as", "Trebizond", "and", "Georgia", ".", "They", "were", "based", "at", "Malatya", "and", "Edessa", ",", "under", "the", "Byzantine", "duke", "of", "Antioch", ",", "Isaac", "Komnenos", ".", "In", "the", "1060s", ",", "Robert", "Crispin", "led", "the", "Normans", "of", "Edessa", "against", "the", "Turks", ".", "Roussel", "de", "Bailleul", "even", "tried", "to", "carve", "out", "an", "independent", "state", "in", "Asia", "Minor", "with", "support", "from", "the", "local", "population", ",", "but", "he", "was", "stopped", "by", "the", "Byzantine", "general", "Alexius", "Komnenos", "."], "sample_type": "disturb"}
|
||
{"id": 1514, "title": "", "context": "One of the first Norman mercenaries to serve as a Byzantine general was Hervé in the 1050s . By then however , there were already Norman mercenaries serving as far away as Trebizond and Georgia . They were based at Malatya and Edessa , under the Byzantine duke of Antioch , Isaac Komnenos . In the 1060s , Robert Crispin led the Normans of Edessa against the Turks . Roussel de Bailleul even tried to carve out an independent state in Asia Minor with support from the local population , but he was stopped by the Byzantine general Alexius Komnenos . Roussel de Bailleul revolted against Isaac Comnene during one expedition and began the conquest of Lycaonia and Galatia for himself .", "question": "Who ruined Roussel de Bailleul 's plans for an independent state ?", "sent_token": ["One", "of", "the", "first", "Norman", "mercenaries", "to", "serve", "as", "a", "Byzantine", "general", "was", "Hervé", "in", "the", "1050s", ".", "By", "then", "however", ",", "there", "were", "already", "Norman", "mercenaries", "serving", "as", "far", "away", "as", "Trebizond", "and", "Georgia", ".", "They", "were", "based", "at", "Malatya", "and", "Edessa", ",", "under", "the", "Byzantine", "duke", "of", "Antioch", ",", "Isaac", "Komnenos", ".", "In", "the", "1060s", ",", "Robert", "Crispin", "led", "the", "Normans", "of", "Edessa", "against", "the", "Turks", ".", "Roussel", "de", "Bailleul", "even", "tried", "to", "carve", "out", "an", "independent", "state", "in", "Asia", "Minor", "with", "support", "from", "the", "local", "population", ",", "but", "he", "was", "stopped", "by", "the", "Byzantine", "general", "Alexius", "Komnenos", ".", "Roussel", "de", "Bailleul", "revolted", "against", "Isaac", "Comnene", "during", "one", "expedition", "and", "began", "the", "conquest", "of", "Lycaonia", "and", "Galatia", "for", "himself", "."], "sample_type": "disturb"}
|
||
{"id": 1515, "title": "", "context": "The further decline of Byzantine state - of - affairs paved the road to a third attack in 1185 , when a large Norman army invaded Dyrrachium , owing to the betrayal of high Byzantine officials . Some time later , Dyrrachium — one of the most important naval bases of the Adriatic — fell again to Byzantine hands .", "question": "When did the Normans assault Dyrrachium ?", "sent_token": ["The", "further", "decline", "of", "Byzantine", "state", "-", "of", "-", "affairs", "paved", "the", "road", "to", "a", "third", "attack", "in", "1185", ",", "when", "a", "large", "Norman", "army", "invaded", "Dyrrachium", ",", "owing", "to", "the", "betrayal", "of", "high", "Byzantine", "officials", ".", "Some", "time", "later", ",", "Dyrrachium", "—", "one", "of", "the", "most", "important", "naval", "bases", "of", "the", "Adriatic", "—", "fell", "again", "to", "Byzantine", "hands", "."], "sample_type": "disturb"}
|
||
{"id": 1516, "title": "", "context": "The further decline of Byzantine state - of - affairs paved the road to a third attack in 1185 , when a large Norman army invaded Dyrrachium , owing to the betrayal of high Byzantine officials . Some time later , Dyrrachium — one of the most important naval bases of the Adriatic — fell again to Byzantine hands .", "question": "What was the naval base 's name ?", "sent_token": ["The", "further", "decline", "of", "Byzantine", "state", "-", "of", "-", "affairs", "paved", "the", "road", "to", "a", "third", "attack", "in", "1185", ",", "when", "a", "large", "Norman", "army", "invaded", "Dyrrachium", ",", "owing", "to", "the", "betrayal", "of", "high", "Byzantine", "officials", ".", "Some", "time", "later", ",", "Dyrrachium", "—", "one", "of", "the", "most", "important", "naval", "bases", "of", "the", "Adriatic", "—", "fell", "again", "to", "Byzantine", "hands", "."], "sample_type": "disturb"}
|
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{"id": 1517, "title": "", "context": "The further decline of Byzantine state - of - affairs paved the road to a third attack in 1185 , when a large Norman army invaded Dyrrachium , owing to the betrayal of high Byzantine officials . Some time later , Dyrrachium — one of the most important naval bases of the Adriatic — fell again to Byzantine hands .", "question": "Where was Dyrrachium situated ?", "sent_token": ["The", "further", "decline", "of", "Byzantine", "state", "-", "of", "-", "affairs", "paved", "the", "road", "to", "a", "third", "attack", "in", "1185", ",", "when", "a", "large", "Norman", "army", "invaded", "Dyrrachium", ",", "owing", "to", "the", "betrayal", "of", "high", "Byzantine", "officials", ".", "Some", "time", "later", ",", "Dyrrachium", "—", "one", "of", "the", "most", "important", "naval", "bases", "of", "the", "Adriatic", "—", "fell", "again", "to", "Byzantine", "hands", "."], "sample_type": "disturb"}
|
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{"id": 1518, "title": "", "context": "One of the claimants of the English throne opposing William the Conqueror , Edgar Atheling , eventually fled to Scotland . King Malcolm III of Scotland married Edgar 's sister Margaret , and came into opposition to William who had already disputed Scotland 's southern borders . William invaded Scotland in 1072 , riding as far as Abernethy where he joined up with his fleet of ships . Malcolm submitted , paid homage to William and surrendered his son Duncan as a hostage , beginning a series of arguments as to whether the Scottish Crown owed allegiance to the King of England .", "question": "Who was Margaret 's brother ?", "sent_token": ["One", "of", "the", "claimants", "of", "the", "English", "throne", "opposing", "William", "the", "Conqueror", ",", "Edgar", "Atheling", ",", "eventually", "fled", "to", "Scotland", ".", "King", "Malcolm", "III", "of", "Scotland", "married", "Edgar", "'s", "sister", "Margaret", ",", "and", "came", "into", "opposition", "to", "William", "who", "had", "already", "disputed", "Scotland", "'s", "southern", "borders", ".", "William", "invaded", "Scotland", "in", "1072", ",", "riding", "as", "far", "as", "Abernethy", "where", "he", "joined", "up", "with", "his", "fleet", "of", "ships", ".", "Malcolm", "submitted", ",", "paid", "homage", "to", "William", "and", "surrendered", "his", "son", "Duncan", "as", "a", "hostage", ",", "beginning", "a", "series", "of", "arguments", "as", "to", "whether", "the", "Scottish", "Crown", "owed", "allegiance", "to", "the", "King", "of", "England", "."], "sample_type": "disturb"}
|
||
{"id": 1519, "title": "", "context": "One of the claimants of the English throne opposing William the Conqueror , Edgar Atheling , eventually fled to Scotland . King Malcolm III of Scotland married Edgar 's sister Margaret , and came into opposition to William who had already disputed Scotland 's southern borders . William invaded Scotland in 1072 , riding as far as Abernethy where he met up with his fleet of ships . Malcolm submitted , paid homage to William and surrendered his son Duncan as a hostage , beginning a series of arguments as to whether the Scottish Crown owed allegiance to the King of England .", "question": "Who was married to Margaret ?", "sent_token": ["One", "of", "the", "claimants", "of", "the", "English", "throne", "opposing", "William", "the", "Conqueror", ",", "Edgar", "Atheling", ",", "eventually", "fled", "to", "Scotland", ".", "King", "Malcolm", "III", "of", "Scotland", "married", "Edgar", "'s", "sister", "Margaret", ",", "and", "came", "into", "opposition", "to", "William", "who", "had", "already", "disputed", "Scotland", "'s", "southern", "borders", ".", "William", "invaded", "Scotland", "in", "1072", ",", "riding", "as", "far", "as", "Abernethy", "where", "he", "met", "up", "with", "his", "fleet", "of", "ships", ".", "Malcolm", "submitted", ",", "paid", "homage", "to", "William", "and", "surrendered", "his", "son", "Duncan", "as", "a", "hostage", ",", "beginning", "a", "series", "of", "arguments", "as", "to", "whether", "the", "Scottish", "Crown", "owed", "allegiance", "to", "the", "King", "of", "England", "."], "sample_type": "disturb"}
|
||
{"id": 1520, "title": "", "context": "One of the claimants of the English throne opposing William the Conqueror , Edgar Atheling , fled to Scotland . King Malcolm III of Scotland married Edgar 's sister Margaret , and came into opposition to William who had disputed Scotland 's southern borders . William invaded Scotland in 1072 , riding as far as Abernethy where he met up with his fleet of ships . Malcolm submitted , paid homage to William and surrendered his son Duncan as a hostage , beginning a series of arguments as to whether the Scottish Crown owed allegiance to the King of England .", "question": "When was Scotland invaded by William ?", "sent_token": ["One", "of", "the", "claimants", "of", "the", "English", "throne", "opposing", "William", "the", "Conqueror", ",", "Edgar", "Atheling", ",", "fled", "to", "Scotland", ".", "King", "Malcolm", "III", "of", "Scotland", "married", "Edgar", "'s", "sister", "Margaret", ",", "and", "came", "into", "opposition", "to", "William", "who", "had", "disputed", "Scotland", "'s", "southern", "borders", ".", "William", "invaded", "Scotland", "in", "1072", ",", "riding", "as", "far", "as", "Abernethy", "where", "he", "met", "up", "with", "his", "fleet", "of", "ships", ".", "Malcolm", "submitted", ",", "paid", "homage", "to", "William", "and", "surrendered", "his", "son", "Duncan", "as", "a", "hostage", ",", "beginning", "a", "series", "of", "arguments", "as", "to", "whether", "the", "Scottish", "Crown", "owed", "allegiance", "to", "the", "King", "of", "England", "."], "sample_type": "disturb"}
|
||
{"id": 1521, "title": "", "context": "One of the claimants of the English throne opposing William the Conqueror , Edgar Atheling , eventually fled to Scotland . King Malcolm III of Scotland married Edgar 's sister Margaret , and came into opposition to William who had already disputed Scotland 's southern borders . William invaded Scotland in 1072 , riding as far as Abernethy where he met up with his fleet of ships . Malcolm submitted , paid homage to William and surrendered his son Duncan as a hostage , beginning a string of arguments as to whether the Scottish Crown owed allegiance to the King of England .", "question": "Who was the hostage ?", "sent_token": ["One", "of", "the", "claimants", "of", "the", "English", "throne", "opposing", "William", "the", "Conqueror", ",", "Edgar", "Atheling", ",", "eventually", "fled", "to", "Scotland", ".", "King", "Malcolm", "III", "of", "Scotland", "married", "Edgar", "'s", "sister", "Margaret", ",", "and", "came", "into", "opposition", "to", "William", "who", "had", "already", "disputed", "Scotland", "'s", "southern", "borders", ".", "William", "invaded", "Scotland", "in", "1072", ",", "riding", "as", "far", "as", "Abernethy", "where", "he", "met", "up", "with", "his", "fleet", "of", "ships", ".", "Malcolm", "submitted", ",", "paid", "homage", "to", "William", "and", "surrendered", "his", "son", "Duncan", "as", "a", "hostage", ",", "beginning", "a", "string", "of", "arguments", "as", "to", "whether", "the", "Scottish", "Crown", "owed", "allegiance", "to", "the", "King", "of", "England", "."], "sample_type": "disturb"}
|
||
{"id": 1522, "title": "", "context": "Even before the Norman Conquest of England , the Normans had come into contact with Wales . Edward the Confessor had appointed the aforementioned Ralph as earl of Hereford and charged him with defending the Marches and warring with the Welsh . In these original ventures , the Normans failed to make any headway into Wales .", "question": "Where was Ralph earl of ?", "sent_token": ["Even", "before", "the", "Norman", "Conquest", "of", "England", ",", "the", "Normans", "had", "come", "into", "contact", "with", "Wales", ".", "Edward", "the", "Confessor", "had", "appointed", "the", "aforementioned", "Ralph", "as", "earl", "of", "Hereford", "and", "charged", "him", "with", "defending", "the", "Marches", "and", "warring", "with", "the", "Welsh", ".", "In", "these", "original", "ventures", ",", "the", "Normans", "failed", "to", "make", "any", "headway", "into", "Wales", "."], "sample_type": "disturb"}
|
||
{"id": 1523, "title": "", "context": "Even before the Norman Conquest of England , the Normans had come into contact with Wales . Edward the Confessor had set up Ralph as earl of Hereford and charged him with defending the Marches and warring with the Welsh . In these original ventures , the Normans failed to make any headway into Wales .", "question": "Who was Ralph in charge of being at war with ?", "sent_token": ["Even", "before", "the", "Norman", "Conquest", "of", "England", ",", "the", "Normans", "had", "come", "into", "contact", "with", "Wales", ".", "Edward", "the", "Confessor", "had", "set", "up", "Ralph", "as", "earl", "of", "Hereford", "and", "charged", "him", "with", "defending", "the", "Marches", "and", "warring", "with", "the", "Welsh", ".", "In", "these", "original", "ventures", ",", "the", "Normans", "failed", "to", "make", "any", "headway", "into", "Wales", "."], "sample_type": "disturb"}
|
||
{"id": 1524, "title": "", "context": "Even before the Norman Conquest of England , the Normans had come into contact with Wales . Edward the Confessor had set up the aforementioned Ralph as earl of Hereford and charged him with defending the Marches and warring with the Welsh . In these original ventures , the Normans failed to make any headway into Wales .", "question": "Who made Ralph become earl ?", "sent_token": ["Even", "before", "the", "Norman", "Conquest", "of", "England", ",", "the", "Normans", "had", "come", "into", "contact", "with", "Wales", ".", "Edward", "the", "Confessor", "had", "set", "up", "the", "aforementioned", "Ralph", "as", "earl", "of", "Hereford", "and", "charged", "him", "with", "defending", "the", "Marches", "and", "warring", "with", "the", "Welsh", ".", "In", "these", "original", "ventures", ",", "the", "Normans", "failed", "to", "make", "any", "headway", "into", "Wales", "."], "sample_type": "disturb"}
|
||
{"id": 1525, "title": "", "context": "Subsequent to the Conquest , however , the Marches came completely under the dominance of William 's most trusted Norman barons , including Bernard de Neufmarché , Roger of Montgomery in Shropshire and Hugh Lupus in Cheshire . These Normans began a long period of slow conquest during which almost all of Wales was in some degree subject to Norman interference . Norman words , such as baron ( barwn ) , first entered Welsh at that time .", "question": "What country was under the control of Norman barons ?", "sent_token": ["Subsequent", "to", "the", "Conquest", ",", "however", ",", "the", "Marches", "came", "completely", "under", "the", "dominance", "of", "William", "'s", "most", "trusted", "Norman", "barons", ",", "including", "Bernard", "de", "Neufmarché", ",", "Roger", "of", "Montgomery", "in", "Shropshire", "and", "Hugh", "Lupus", "in", "Cheshire", ".", "These", "Normans", "began", "a", "long", "period", "of", "slow", "conquest", "during", "which", "almost", "all", "of", "Wales", "was", "in", "some", "degree", "subject", "to", "Norman", "interference", ".", "Norman", "words", ",", "such", "as", "baron", "(", "barwn", ")", ",", "first", "entered", "Welsh", "at", "that", "time", "."], "sample_type": "disturb"}
|
||
{"id": 1526, "title": "", "context": "The legendary religious zeal of the Normans was exercised in religious wars long before the First Crusade carved out a Norman principality in Antioch . They were major foreign participants in the Reconquista in Iberia . In 1018 , Roger de Tosny travelled to the Iberian Peninsula to carve out a state for himself from Moorish lands , but failed . In 1064 , during the War of Barbastro , William of Montreuil led the papal army and took a huge booty .", "question": "What year did Roger de Tosny not succeed accomplishing what he set out to do ?", "sent_token": ["The", "legendary", "religious", "zeal", "of", "the", "Normans", "was", "exercised", "in", "religious", "wars", "long", "before", "the", "First", "Crusade", "carved", "out", "a", "Norman", "principality", "in", "Antioch", ".", "They", "were", "major", "foreign", "participants", "in", "the", "Reconquista", "in", "Iberia", ".", "In", "1018", ",", "Roger", "de", "Tosny", "travelled", "to", "the", "Iberian", "Peninsula", "to", "carve", "out", "a", "state", "for", "himself", "from", "Moorish", "lands", ",", "but", "failed", ".", "In", "1064", ",", "during", "the", "War", "of", "Barbastro", ",", "William", "of", "Montreuil", "led", "the", "papal", "army", "and", "took", "a", "huge", "booty", "."], "sample_type": "disturb"}
|
||
{"id": 1527, "title": "", "context": "The legendary religious zeal of the Normans was exercised in religious wars long before the First Crusade carved out a Norman principality in Antioch . They were major foreign participants in the Reconquista in Iberia . In 1018 , Roger de Tosny travelled to the Iberian Peninsula to carve out a state for himself from Moorish lands , but failed . In 1064 , during the War of Barbastro , William of Montreuil led the papal army and took a huge booty .", "question": "Who was the leader of the papal army in the War of Barbastro ?", "sent_token": ["The", "legendary", "religious", "zeal", "of", "the", "Normans", "was", "exercised", "in", "religious", "wars", "long", "before", "the", "First", "Crusade", "carved", "out", "a", "Norman", "principality", "in", "Antioch", ".", "They", "were", "major", "foreign", "participants", "in", "the", "Reconquista", "in", "Iberia", ".", "In", "1018", ",", "Roger", "de", "Tosny", "travelled", "to", "the", "Iberian", "Peninsula", "to", "carve", "out", "a", "state", "for", "himself", "from", "Moorish", "lands", ",", "but", "failed", ".", "In", "1064", ",", "during", "the", "War", "of", "Barbastro", ",", "William", "of", "Montreuil", "led", "the", "papal", "army", "and", "took", "a", "huge", "booty", "."], "sample_type": "disturb"}
|
||
{"id": 1528, "title": "", "context": "In 1096 , Crusaders passing by the siege of Amalfi were joined by Bohemond of Taranto and his nephew Tancred with an army of Italo - Normans . Bohemond was the de facto leader of the Crusade during its passage through Asia Minor . Antioch lay on the crusaders ' route to Palestine , and anticipating that it would be attacked the Muslim governor of the city , Yaghi - Siyan , began stockpiling food and sending requests for help . After the successful Siege of Antioch in 1097 , Bohemond began carving out an independent principality around that city . Tancred was instrumental in the conquest of Jerusalem and he worked for the expansion of the Crusader kingdom in Transjordan and the region of Galilee.[citation needed ]", "question": "When did the Siege of Antioch take place ?", "sent_token": ["In", "1096", ",", "Crusaders", "passing", "by", "the", "siege", "of", "Amalfi", "were", "joined", "by", "Bohemond", "of", "Taranto", "and", "his", "nephew", "Tancred", "with", "an", "army", "of", "Italo", "-", "Normans", ".", "Bohemond", "was", "the", "de", "facto", "leader", "of", "the", "Crusade", "during", "its", "passage", "through", "Asia", "Minor", ".", "Antioch", "lay", "on", "the", "crusaders", "'", "route", "to", "Palestine", ",", "and", "anticipating", "that", "it", "would", "be", "attacked", "the", "Muslim", "governor", "of", "the", "city", ",", "Yaghi", "-", "Siyan", ",", "began", "stockpiling", "food", "and", "sending", "requests", "for", "help", ".", "After", "the", "successful", "Siege", "of", "Antioch", "in", "1097", ",", "Bohemond", "began", "carving", "out", "an", "independent", "principality", "around", "that", "city", ".", "Tancred", "was", "instrumental", "in", "the", "conquest", "of", "Jerusalem", "and", "he", "worked", "for", "the", "expansion", "of", "the", "Crusader", "kingdom", "in", "Transjordan", "and", "the", "region", "of", "Galilee.[citation", "needed", "]"], "sample_type": "disturb"}
|
||
{"id": 1529, "title": "", "context": "In 1096 , Crusaders passing by the siege of Amalfi were joined by Bohemond of Taranto and his nephew Tancred with an army of Italo - Normans . A politique , Bohemond was resolved to engineer the enthusiasm of the crusaders to his own ends ; and when his nephew Tancred left the main army at Heraclea Cybistra , and attempted to establish a footing in Cilicia , the movement may have been already intended as a preparation for Bohemond ’s eastern principality . Bohemond was the de facto leader of the Crusade during its passage through Asia Minor . After the successful Siege of Antioch in 1097 , Bohemond began carving out an independent principality around that city . Tancred was instrumental in the conquest of Jerusalem and he worked for the expansion of the Crusader kingdom in Transjordan and the region of Galilee.[citation needed ]", "question": "What was the name of Bohemond 's nephew ?", "sent_token": ["In", "1096", ",", "Crusaders", "passing", "by", "the", "siege", "of", "Amalfi", "were", "joined", "by", "Bohemond", "of", "Taranto", "and", "his", "nephew", "Tancred", "with", "an", "army", "of", "Italo", "-", "Normans", ".", "A", "politique", ",", "Bohemond", "was", "resolved", "to", "engineer", "the", "enthusiasm", "of", "the", "crusaders", "to", "his", "own", "ends", ";", "and", "when", "his", "nephew", "Tancred", "left", "the", "main", "army", "at", "Heraclea", "Cybistra", ",", "and", "attempted", "to", "establish", "a", "footing", "in", "Cilicia", ",", "the", "movement", "may", "have", "been", "already", "intended", "as", "a", "preparation", "for", "Bohemond", "’s", "eastern", "principality", ".", "Bohemond", "was", "the", "de", "facto", "leader", "of", "the", "Crusade", "during", "its", "passage", "through", "Asia", "Minor", ".", "After", "the", "successful", "Siege", "of", "Antioch", "in", "1097", ",", "Bohemond", "began", "carving", "out", "an", "independent", "principality", "around", "that", "city", ".", "Tancred", "was", "instrumental", "in", "the", "conquest", "of", "Jerusalem", "and", "he", "worked", "for", "the", "expansion", "of", "the", "Crusader", "kingdom", "in", "Transjordan", "and", "the", "region", "of", "Galilee.[citation", "needed", "]"], "sample_type": "disturb"}
|
||
{"id": 1530, "title": "", "context": "In 1096 , Crusaders passing by the siege of Amalfi were joined by Bohemond of Taranto and his nephew Tancred with an army of Italo - Normans . Bohemond was the de facto leader of the Crusade during its passage through Asia Minor . After the successful Siege of Antioch in 1097 , Bohemond began carving out an independent principality around that city . Tancred was instrumental in the conquest of Jerusalem and he worked for the expansion of the Crusader kingdom in Transjordan and the region of Galilee.[citation needed ]", "question": "What major conquest did Tancred play a part in ?", "sent_token": ["In", "1096", ",", "Crusaders", "passing", "by", "the", "siege", "of", "Amalfi", "were", "joined", "by", "Bohemond", "of", "Taranto", "and", "his", "nephew", "Tancred", "with", "an", "army", "of", "Italo", "-", "Normans", ".", "Bohemond", "was", "the", "de", "facto", "leader", "of", "the", "Crusade", "during", "its", "passage", "through", "Asia", "Minor", ".", "After", "the", "successful", "Siege", "of", "Antioch", "in", "1097", ",", "Bohemond", "began", "carving", "out", "an", "independent", "principality", "around", "that", "city", ".", "Tancred", "was", "instrumental", "in", "the", "conquest", "of", "Jerusalem", "and", "he", "worked", "for", "the", "expansion", "of", "the", "Crusader", "kingdom", "in", "Transjordan", "and", "the", "region", "of", "Galilee.[citation", "needed", "]"], "sample_type": "disturb"}
|
||
{"id": 1531, "title": "", "context": "The conquest of Cyprus by the Anglo - Norman forces of the Third Crusade opened a new chapter in the history of the island , which would be under Western European domination for 380 years . Although not part of a planned operation , the conquest had more permanent results than expected .", "question": "How long did Western Europe control Cyprus ?", "sent_token": ["The", "conquest", "of", "Cyprus", "by", "the", "Anglo", "-", "Norman", "forces", "of", "the", "Third", "Crusade", "opened", "a", "new", "chapter", "in", "the", "history", "of", "the", "island", ",", "which", "would", "be", "under", "Western", "European", "domination", "for", "380", "years", ".", "Although", "not", "part", "of", "a", "planned", "operation", ",", "the", "conquest", "had", "more", "permanent", "results", "than", "expected", "."], "sample_type": "disturb"}
|
||
{"id": 1532, "title": "", "context": "Between 1402 and 1405 , the expedition led by the Norman noble Jean de Bethencourt and the Poitevine Gadifer de la Salle conquered the Canarian islands of Lanzarote , Fuerteventura and El Hierro off the Atlantic coast of Africa . Their troops were assembled in Normandy , Gascony and were later reinforced by Castilian colonists .", "question": "What continent are the Canarian Islands off the coast of ?", "sent_token": ["Between", "1402", "and", "1405", ",", "the", "expedition", "led", "by", "the", "Norman", "noble", "Jean", "de", "Bethencourt", "and", "the", "Poitevine", "Gadifer", "de", "la", "Salle", "conquered", "the", "Canarian", "islands", "of", "Lanzarote", ",", "Fuerteventura", "and", "El", "Hierro", "off", "the", "Atlantic", "coast", "of", "Africa", ".", "Their", "troops", "were", "assembled", "in", "Normandy", ",", "Gascony", "and", "were", "later", "reinforced", "by", "Castilian", "colonists", "."], "sample_type": "disturb"}
|
||
{"id": 1533, "title": "", "context": "Jean de Béthencourt was a French explorer who was responsible for the expedition to the Canaries . Bethencourt took the title of King of the Canary Islands , as vassal to Henry III of Castile . In 1418 , Jean 's nephew Maciot de Bethencourt sold the rights to the islands to Enrique Pérez de Guzmán , 2nd Count de Niebla .", "question": "Who became the King of the Canary Islands ?", "sent_token": ["Jean", "de", "Béthencourt", "was", "a", "French", "explorer", "who", "was", "responsible", "for", "the", "expedition", "to", "the", "Canaries", ".", "Bethencourt", "took", "the", "title", "of", "King", "of", "the", "Canary", "Islands", ",", "as", "vassal", "to", "Henry", "III", "of", "Castile", ".", "In", "1418", ",", "Jean", "'s", "nephew", "Maciot", "de", "Bethencourt", "sold", "the", "rights", "to", "the", "islands", "to", "Enrique", "Pérez", "de", "Guzmán", ",", "2nd", "Count", "de", "Niebla", "."], "sample_type": "disturb"}
|
||
{"id": 1534, "title": "", "context": "Bethencourt took the title of King of the Canary Islands , as vassal to Henry III of Castile . In 1418 , Jean 's nephew Maciot de Bethencourt sold the rights to the islands to Enrique Pérez de Guzmán , 2nd Count de Niebla .", "question": "Who purchased the rights ?", "sent_token": ["Bethencourt", "took", "the", "title", "of", "King", "of", "the", "Canary", "Islands", ",", "as", "vassal", "to", "Henry", "III", "of", "Castile", ".", "In", "1418", ",", "Jean", "'s", "nephew", "Maciot", "de", "Bethencourt", "sold", "the", "rights", "to", "the", "islands", "to", "Enrique", "Pérez", "de", "Guzmán", ",", "2nd", "Count", "de", "Niebla", "."], "sample_type": "disturb"}
|
||
{"id": 1535, "title": "", "context": "Bethencourt took the title of King of the Canary Islands , as vassal to Henry III of Castile . In 1418 , Jean 's nephew Maciot de Bethencourt sold the rights to the islands to Enrique Pérez de Guzmán , 2nd Count de Niebla . Maciot de Bethencourt was born illegitimate circa 1390 at France .", "question": "Who sold the rights ?", "sent_token": ["Bethencourt", "took", "the", "title", "of", "King", "of", "the", "Canary", "Islands", ",", "as", "vassal", "to", "Henry", "III", "of", "Castile", ".", "In", "1418", ",", "Jean", "'s", "nephew", "Maciot", "de", "Bethencourt", "sold", "the", "rights", "to", "the", "islands", "to", "Enrique", "Pérez", "de", "Guzmán", ",", "2nd", "Count", "de", "Niebla", ".", "Maciot", "de", "Bethencourt", "was", "born", "illegitimate", "circa", "1390", "at", "France", "."], "sample_type": "disturb"}
|
||
{"id": 1536, "title": "", "context": "The customary law of Normandy was developed between the 10th and 13th centuries and survives today through the legal systems of Jersey and Guernsey in the Channel Islands . Just off the Normandy coast , the Channel Islands comprising of Jersey , Guernsey , Alderney , Sark and Herm are a short hop away from Britain and mainland Europe . Norman customary law was transcribed in two customaries in Latin by two judges for use by them and their colleagues : These are the Très ancien coutumier ( Very ancient customary ) , authored between 1200 and 1245 ; and the Grand coutumier de Normandie ( Great customary of Normandy , originally Summa de legibus Normanniae in curia laïcali ) , authored between 1235 and 1245 .", "question": "Where are Jersey and Guernsey", "sent_token": ["The", "customary", "law", "of", "Normandy", "was", "developed", "between", "the", "10th", "and", "13th", "centuries", "and", "survives", "today", "through", "the", "legal", "systems", "of", "Jersey", "and", "Guernsey", "in", "the", "Channel", "Islands", ".", "Just", "off", "the", "Normandy", "coast", ",", "the", "Channel", "Islands", "comprising", "of", "Jersey", ",", "Guernsey", ",", "Alderney", ",", "Sark", "and", "Herm", "are", "a", "short", "hop", "away", "from", "Britain", "and", "mainland", "Europe", ".", "Norman", "customary", "law", "was", "transcribed", "in", "two", "customaries", "in", "Latin", "by", "two", "judges", "for", "use", "by", "them", "and", "their", "colleagues", ":", "These", "are", "the", "Très", "ancien", "coutumier", "(", "Very", "ancient", "customary", ")", ",", "authored", "between", "1200", "and", "1245", ";", "and", "the", "Grand", "coutumier", "de", "Normandie", "(", "Great", "customary", "of", "Normandy", ",", "originally", "Summa", "de", "legibus", "Normanniae", "in", "curia", "laïcali", ")", ",", "authored", "between", "1235", "and", "1245", "."], "sample_type": "disturb"}
|
||
{"id": 1537, "title": "", "context": "The customary law of Normandy was developed between the 10th and 13th centuries and survives today through the legal systems of Jersey and Guernsey in the Channel Islands . Norman customary law was transcribed in two customaries in Latin by two judges for use by them and their colleagues : These are the Très ancien coutumier ( Very ancient customary ) , authored between 1200 and 1245 ; and the Grand coutumier de Normandie ( Great customary of Normandy , originally Summa de legibus Normanniae in curia laïcali ) , authored between 1235 and 1245 .", "question": "How many customaries does Norman customary law possess ?", "sent_token": ["The", "customary", "law", "of", "Normandy", "was", "developed", "between", "the", "10th", "and", "13th", "centuries", "and", "survives", "today", "through", "the", "legal", "systems", "of", "Jersey", "and", "Guernsey", "in", "the", "Channel", "Islands", ".", "Norman", "customary", "law", "was", "transcribed", "in", "two", "customaries", "in", "Latin", "by", "two", "judges", "for", "use", "by", "them", "and", "their", "colleagues", ":", "These", "are", "the", "Très", "ancien", "coutumier", "(", "Very", "ancient", "customary", ")", ",", "authored", "between", "1200", "and", "1245", ";", "and", "the", "Grand", "coutumier", "de", "Normandie", "(", "Great", "customary", "of", "Normandy", ",", "originally", "Summa", "de", "legibus", "Normanniae", "in", "curia", "laïcali", ")", ",", "authored", "between", "1235", "and", "1245", "."], "sample_type": "disturb"}
|
||
{"id": 1538, "title": "", "context": "The term Norman architecture is used to categorise styles of Romanesque architecture developed by the Normans in the various lands under their dominion or influence in the 11th and 12th centuries . Norman architecture typically stands out as a new stage in the architectural history of the regions they subdued . They spread a unique Romanesque idiom to England and Italy , and the encastellation of these regions with keeps in their north French style fundamentally altered the military landscape . Their style was characterised by rounded arches , particularly over windows and doorways , and massive proportions .", "question": "What is the Norman architecture idiom ?", "sent_token": ["The", "term", "Norman", "architecture", "is", "used", "to", "categorise", "styles", "of", "Romanesque", "architecture", "developed", "by", "the", "Normans", "in", "the", "various", "lands", "under", "their", "dominion", "or", "influence", "in", "the", "11th", "and", "12th", "centuries", ".", "Norman", "architecture", "typically", "stands", "out", "as", "a", "new", "stage", "in", "the", "architectural", "history", "of", "the", "regions", "they", "subdued", ".", "They", "spread", "a", "unique", "Romanesque", "idiom", "to", "England", "and", "Italy", ",", "and", "the", "encastellation", "of", "these", "regions", "with", "keeps", "in", "their", "north", "French", "style", "fundamentally", "altered", "the", "military", "landscape", ".", "Their", "style", "was", "characterised", "by", "rounded", "arches", ",", "particularly", "over", "windows", "and", "doorways", ",", "and", "massive", "proportions", "."], "sample_type": "disturb"}
|
||
{"id": 1539, "title": "", "context": "Norman architecture typically stands out as a new stage in the architectural history of the regions they subdued . They spread a unique Romanesque idiom to England and Italy , and the encastellation of these regions with keeps in their north French style fundamentally altered the military landscape . Their style was characterised by rounded arches , particularly over windows and doorways , and massive proportions .", "question": "What type of arches does Norman architecture have ?", "sent_token": ["Norman", "architecture", "typically", "stands", "out", "as", "a", "new", "stage", "in", "the", "architectural", "history", "of", "the", "regions", "they", "subdued", ".", "They", "spread", "a", "unique", "Romanesque", "idiom", "to", "England", "and", "Italy", ",", "and", "the", "encastellation", "of", "these", "regions", "with", "keeps", "in", "their", "north", "French", "style", "fundamentally", "altered", "the", "military", "landscape", ".", "Their", "style", "was", "characterised", "by", "rounded", "arches", ",", "particularly", "over", "windows", "and", "doorways", ",", "and", "massive", "proportions", "."], "sample_type": "disturb"}
|
||
{"id": 1540, "title": "", "context": "In England , the period of Norman architecture immediately succeeds that of the Anglo - Saxon and precedes the Early Gothic . In southern Italy , the Normans integrated elements of Islamic , Lombard , and Byzantine building techniques into their own , initiating a unique style known as Norman - Arab architecture within the Kingdom of Sicily .", "question": "What architecture type came after Norman in England ?", "sent_token": ["In", "England", ",", "the", "period", "of", "Norman", "architecture", "immediately", "succeeds", "that", "of", "the", "Anglo", "-", "Saxon", "and", "precedes", "the", "Early", "Gothic", ".", "In", "southern", "Italy", ",", "the", "Normans", "integrated", "elements", "of", "Islamic", ",", "Lombard", ",", "and", "Byzantine", "building", "techniques", "into", "their", "own", ",", "initiating", "a", "unique", "style", "known", "as", "Norman", "-", "Arab", "architecture", "within", "the", "Kingdom", "of", "Sicily", "."], "sample_type": "disturb"}
|
||
{"id": 1541, "title": "", "context": "Norman Castles were typically built on the highest ground in the area , often adjoined Rivers and overlooking towns and harbours . In England , the period of Norman architecture immediately succeeds that of the Anglo - Saxon and precedes the Early Gothic . In southern Italy , the Normans incorporated elements of Islamic , Lombard , and Byzantine building techniques into their own , initiating a unique style known as Norman - Arab architecture within the Kingdom of Sicily .", "question": "What architecture type came before Norman in England ?", "sent_token": ["Norman", "Castles", "were", "typically", "built", "on", "the", "highest", "ground", "in", "the", "area", ",", "often", "adjoined", "Rivers", "and", "overlooking", "towns", "and", "harbours", ".", "In", "England", ",", "the", "period", "of", "Norman", "architecture", "immediately", "succeeds", "that", "of", "the", "Anglo", "-", "Saxon", "and", "precedes", "the", "Early", "Gothic", ".", "In", "southern", "Italy", ",", "the", "Normans", "incorporated", "elements", "of", "Islamic", ",", "Lombard", ",", "and", "Byzantine", "building", "techniques", "into", "their", "own", ",", "initiating", "a", "unique", "style", "known", "as", "Norman", "-", "Arab", "architecture", "within", "the", "Kingdom", "of", "Sicily", "."], "sample_type": "disturb"}
|
||
{"id": 1542, "title": "", "context": "In England , the period of Norman architecture succeeds that of the Anglo - Saxon and precedes the Early Gothic . In southern Italy , the Normans incorporated elements of Islamic , Lombard , and Byzantine building techniques into their own , initiating a style known as Norman - Arab architecture within the Kingdom of Sicily .", "question": "What place had the Norman Arab architectural style ?", "sent_token": ["In", "England", ",", "the", "period", "of", "Norman", "architecture", "succeeds", "that", "of", "the", "Anglo", "-", "Saxon", "and", "precedes", "the", "Early", "Gothic", ".", "In", "southern", "Italy", ",", "the", "Normans", "incorporated", "elements", "of", "Islamic", ",", "Lombard", ",", "and", "Byzantine", "building", "techniques", "into", "their", "own", ",", "initiating", "a", "style", "known", "as", "Norman", "-", "Arab", "architecture", "within", "the", "Kingdom", "of", "Sicily", "."], "sample_type": "disturb"}
|
||
{"id": 1543, "title": "", "context": "The French Wars of Religion in the 16th century and French Revolution in the 18th successively destroyed much of what existed in the way of the architectural and artistic remnant of this Norman creativity . The former , with their violence , caused the wanton destruction of many Norman edifices ; the latter , with its assault on religion , caused the purposeful destruction of religious objects of any type , and its destabilisation of society led to rampant pillaging .", "question": "When were the French wars of religion ?", "sent_token": ["The", "French", "Wars", "of", "Religion", "in", "the", "16th", "century", "and", "French", "Revolution", "in", "the", "18th", "successively", "destroyed", "much", "of", "what", "existed", "in", "the", "way", "of", "the", "architectural", "and", "artistic", "remnant", "of", "this", "Norman", "creativity", ".", "The", "former", ",", "with", "their", "violence", ",", "caused", "the", "wanton", "destruction", "of", "many", "Norman", "edifices", ";", "the", "latter", ",", "with", "its", "assault", "on", "religion", ",", "caused", "the", "purposeful", "destruction", "of", "religious", "objects", "of", "any", "type", ",", "and", "its", "destabilisation", "of", "society", "led", "to", "rampant", "pillaging", "."], "sample_type": "disturb"}
|
||
{"id": 1544, "title": "", "context": "By far the most famous work of Norman art is the Bayeux Tapestry , which is not a tapestry but a work of embroidery . The Bayeux Tapestry is a narrative embroidery of about 70 meters long and 50 centimeters wide . It was commissioned by Odo , the Bishop of Bayeux and first Earl of Kent , employing natives from Kent who were learned in the Nordic traditions imported in the previous half century by the Danish Vikings .", "question": "What kind of needlework was used in the creation of the Bayeux Tapestry ?", "sent_token": ["By", "far", "the", "most", "famous", "work", "of", "Norman", "art", "is", "the", "Bayeux", "Tapestry", ",", "which", "is", "not", "a", "tapestry", "but", "a", "work", "of", "embroidery", ".", "The", "Bayeux", "Tapestry", "is", "a", "narrative", "embroidery", "of", "about", "70", "meters", "long", "and", "50", "centimeters", "wide", ".", "It", "was", "commissioned", "by", "Odo", ",", "the", "Bishop", "of", "Bayeux", "and", "first", "Earl", "of", "Kent", ",", "employing", "natives", "from", "Kent", "who", "were", "learned", "in", "the", "Nordic", "traditions", "imported", "in", "the", "previous", "half", "century", "by", "the", "Danish", "Vikings", "."], "sample_type": "disturb"}
|
||
{"id": 1545, "title": "", "context": "By far the most famous work of Norman art is the Bayeux Tapestry , which is not a tapestry but a work of embroidery . It was commissioned by Odo , the Bishop of Bayeux and first Earl of Kent , employing natives from Kent who were learned in the Nordic traditions imported in the previous half century by the Danish Vikings .", "question": "What is Norman art 's world - renowned piece ?", "sent_token": ["By", "far", "the", "most", "famous", "work", "of", "Norman", "art", "is", "the", "Bayeux", "Tapestry", ",", "which", "is", "not", "a", "tapestry", "but", "a", "work", "of", "embroidery", ".", "It", "was", "commissioned", "by", "Odo", ",", "the", "Bishop", "of", "Bayeux", "and", "first", "Earl", "of", "Kent", ",", "employing", "natives", "from", "Kent", "who", "were", "learned", "in", "the", "Nordic", "traditions", "imported", "in", "the", "previous", "half", "century", "by", "the", "Danish", "Vikings", "."], "sample_type": "disturb"}
|
||
{"id": 1546, "title": "", "context": "By far the most famous work of Norman art is the Bayeux Tapestry , which is not a tapestry but a work of embroidery . It was commissioned by Odo , the Bishop of Bayeux and first Earl of Kent , hiring natives from Kent who were learned in the Nordic traditions imported in the previous half century by the Danish Vikings .", "question": "Who commissioned the Tapestry ?", "sent_token": ["By", "far", "the", "most", "famous", "work", "of", "Norman", "art", "is", "the", "Bayeux", "Tapestry", ",", "which", "is", "not", "a", "tapestry", "but", "a", "work", "of", "embroidery", ".", "It", "was", "commissioned", "by", "Odo", ",", "the", "Bishop", "of", "Bayeux", "and", "first", "Earl", "of", "Kent", ",", "hiring", "natives", "from", "Kent", "who", "were", "learned", "in", "the", "Nordic", "traditions", "imported", "in", "the", "previous", "half", "century", "by", "the", "Danish", "Vikings", "."], "sample_type": "disturb"}
|
||
{"id": 1547, "title": "", "context": "At Saint Evroul , a tradition of singing had developed and the choir achieved reputation in Normandy . Under the Norman abbot Robert de Grantmesnil , several monks of Saint - Evroul fled to southern Italy , where they were patronised by Robert Guiscard and established a Latin monastery at Sant'Eufemia . There they continued the tradition of singing .", "question": "Where did the monks flee to ?", "sent_token": ["At", "Saint", "Evroul", ",", "a", "tradition", "of", "singing", "had", "developed", "and", "the", "choir", "achieved", "reputation", "in", "Normandy", ".", "Under", "the", "Norman", "abbot", "Robert", "de", "Grantmesnil", ",", "several", "monks", "of", "Saint", "-", "Evroul", "fled", "to", "southern", "Italy", ",", "where", "they", "were", "patronised", "by", "Robert", "Guiscard", "and", "established", "a", "Latin", "monastery", "at", "Sant'Eufemia", ".", "There", "they", "continued", "the", "tradition", "of", "singing", "."], "sample_type": "disturb"}
|
||
{"id": 1548, "title": "", "context": "At Saint Evroul , a tradition of singing had developed and the choir achieved fame in Normandy . Under the Norman abbot Robert de Grantmesnil , several monks of Saint - Evroul fled to southern Italy , where they were supported by Robert Guiscard and established a Latin monastery at Sant'Eufemia . There they continued the tradition of singing .", "question": "What monastery did the Saint - Evroul monks establish in Italy ?", "sent_token": ["At", "Saint", "Evroul", ",", "a", "tradition", "of", "singing", "had", "developed", "and", "the", "choir", "achieved", "fame", "in", "Normandy", ".", "Under", "the", "Norman", "abbot", "Robert", "de", "Grantmesnil", ",", "several", "monks", "of", "Saint", "-", "Evroul", "fled", "to", "southern", "Italy", ",", "where", "they", "were", "supported", "by", "Robert", "Guiscard", "and", "established", "a", "Latin", "monastery", "at", "Sant'Eufemia", ".", "There", "they", "continued", "the", "tradition", "of", "singing", "."], "sample_type": "disturb"}
|
||
{"id": 1549, "title": "", "context": "At Saint Evroul , a tradition of singing had developed and the choir achieved fame in Normandy . Under the Norman abbot Robert de Grantmesnil , several monks of Saint - Evroul fled to southern Italy , where they were patronised by Robert Guiscard and established a Latin monastery at Sant'Eufemia . Robert Guiscard was a Norman adventurer remembered for the conquest of southern Italy and Sicily . There they continued the tradition of singing .", "question": "Who patronized the monks in Italy ?", "sent_token": ["At", "Saint", "Evroul", ",", "a", "tradition", "of", "singing", "had", "developed", "and", "the", "choir", "achieved", "fame", "in", "Normandy", ".", "Under", "the", "Norman", "abbot", "Robert", "de", "Grantmesnil", ",", "several", "monks", "of", "Saint", "-", "Evroul", "fled", "to", "southern", "Italy", ",", "where", "they", "were", "patronised", "by", "Robert", "Guiscard", "and", "established", "a", "Latin", "monastery", "at", "Sant'Eufemia", ".", "Robert", "Guiscard", "was", "a", "Norman", "adventurer", "remembered", "for", "the", "conquest", "of", "southern", "Italy", "and", "Sicily", ".", "There", "they", "continued", "the", "tradition", "of", "singing", "."], "sample_type": "disturb"}
|
||
{"id": 1550, "title": "", "context": "At Saint Evroul , a tradition of singing had developed and the choir achieved fame in Normandy . Under the Norman abbot Robert de Grantmesnil , several monks of Saint - Evroul fled to southern Italy , where they were patronised by Robert Guiscard and established a Latin monastery at Sant'Eufemia . There they proceeded with the tradition of singing .", "question": "What tradition were the Saint - Evroul monks known for ?", "sent_token": ["At", "Saint", "Evroul", ",", "a", "tradition", "of", "singing", "had", "developed", "and", "the", "choir", "achieved", "fame", "in", "Normandy", ".", "Under", "the", "Norman", "abbot", "Robert", "de", "Grantmesnil", ",", "several", "monks", "of", "Saint", "-", "Evroul", "fled", "to", "southern", "Italy", ",", "where", "they", "were", "patronised", "by", "Robert", "Guiscard", "and", "established", "a", "Latin", "monastery", "at", "Sant'Eufemia", ".", "There", "they", "proceeded", "with", "the", "tradition", "of", "singing", "."], "sample_type": "disturb"}
|
||
{"id": 1551, "title": "", "context": "Computational complexity theory is a branch of the theory of computation in theoretical computer science that focuses on classifying computational problems according to their inherent difficulty , and relating those classes to each other . A computational problem is understood to be a task that is in principle amenable to being solved by a computer , which is equivalent to stating that the problem may be solved by mechanical application of mathematical steps , such as an algorithm .", "question": "What branch of theoretical computer science handles broadly classifying computational problems by difficulty and class of relationship ?", "sent_token": ["Computational", "complexity", "theory", "is", "a", "branch", "of", "the", "theory", "of", "computation", "in", "theoretical", "computer", "science", "that", "focuses", "on", "classifying", "computational", "problems", "according", "to", "their", "inherent", "difficulty", ",", "and", "relating", "those", "classes", "to", "each", "other", ".", "A", "computational", "problem", "is", "understood", "to", "be", "a", "task", "that", "is", "in", "principle", "amenable", "to", "being", "solved", "by", "a", "computer", ",", "which", "is", "equivalent", "to", "stating", "that", "the", "problem", "may", "be", "solved", "by", "mechanical", "application", "of", "mathematical", "steps", ",", "such", "as", "an", "algorithm", "."], "sample_type": "disturb"}
|
||
{"id": 1552, "title": "", "context": "Computational complexity theory is a branch of the theory of computation in theoretical computer science that focuses on classifying computational problems according to their inherent difficulty , and relating those classes to each other . A computational problem is understood to be a task that is in theory amenable to being solved by a computer , which is equivalent to stating that the problem may be solved by mechanical application of mathematical steps , such as an algorithm .", "question": "By what main attribute are computational problems classified utilizing computational complexity theory ?", "sent_token": ["Computational", "complexity", "theory", "is", "a", "branch", "of", "the", "theory", "of", "computation", "in", "theoretical", "computer", "science", "that", "focuses", "on", "classifying", "computational", "problems", "according", "to", "their", "inherent", "difficulty", ",", "and", "relating", "those", "classes", "to", "each", "other", ".", "A", "computational", "problem", "is", "understood", "to", "be", "a", "task", "that", "is", "in", "theory", "amenable", "to", "being", "solved", "by", "a", "computer", ",", "which", "is", "equivalent", "to", "stating", "that", "the", "problem", "may", "be", "solved", "by", "mechanical", "application", "of", "mathematical", "steps", ",", "such", "as", "an", "algorithm", "."], "sample_type": "disturb"}
|
||
{"id": 1553, "title": "", "context": "Computational complexity theory is a branch of the theory of computation in theoretical computer science that focuses on classifying computational problems according to their inherent difficulty , and relating those classes to each other . A computational problem is understood to be a task that is in principle amenable to being solved by a computer , which is equivalent to stating that the problem may be solved by mechanical application of mathematical steps , such as an algorithm . Informally , a computational problem consists of problem instances and solutions to these problem instances .", "question": "What is the term for a task that generally lends itself to being solved by a computer ?", "sent_token": ["Computational", "complexity", "theory", "is", "a", "branch", "of", "the", "theory", "of", "computation", "in", "theoretical", "computer", "science", "that", "focuses", "on", "classifying", "computational", "problems", "according", "to", "their", "inherent", "difficulty", ",", "and", "relating", "those", "classes", "to", "each", "other", ".", "A", "computational", "problem", "is", "understood", "to", "be", "a", "task", "that", "is", "in", "principle", "amenable", "to", "being", "solved", "by", "a", "computer", ",", "which", "is", "equivalent", "to", "stating", "that", "the", "problem", "may", "be", "solved", "by", "mechanical", "application", "of", "mathematical", "steps", ",", "such", "as", "an", "algorithm", ".", "Informally", ",", "a", "computational", "problem", "consists", "of", "problem", "instances", "and", "solutions", "to", "these", "problem", "instances", "."], "sample_type": "disturb"}
|
||
{"id": 1554, "title": "", "context": "To further highlight the difference between a problem and an instance , consider the following instance of the decision version of the traveling salesman problem : Is there a route of at most 2000 kilometres passing through all of Germany 's 15 largest cities ? The quantitative answer to this particular problem instance is of little use for solving other instances of the problem , such as asking for a round trip through all sites in Milan whose total length is at most 10 km . Therefore , complexity theory addresses computational problems and not particular problem instances .", "question": "By how many kilometers does the traveling salesman problem seek to classify a route between the 15 largest cities in Germany ?", "sent_token": ["To", "further", "highlight", "the", "difference", "between", "a", "problem", "and", "an", "instance", ",", "consider", "the", "following", "instance", "of", "the", "decision", "version", "of", "the", "traveling", "salesman", "problem", ":", "Is", "there", "a", "route", "of", "at", "most", "2000", "kilometres", "passing", "through", "all", "of", "Germany", "'s", "15", "largest", "cities", "?", "The", "quantitative", "answer", "to", "this", "particular", "problem", "instance", "is", "of", "little", "use", "for", "solving", "other", "instances", "of", "the", "problem", ",", "such", "as", "asking", "for", "a", "round", "trip", "through", "all", "sites", "in", "Milan", "whose", "total", "length", "is", "at", "most", "10", "km", ".", "Therefore", ",", "complexity", "theory", "addresses", "computational", "problems", "and", "not", "particular", "problem", "instances", "."], "sample_type": "disturb"}
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{"id": 1555, "title": "", "context": "To further highlight the difference between a problem and an instance , consider the following instance of the decision version of the traveling salesman problem : Is there a route of at most 2000 kilometres passing through all of Germany 's 15 largest cities ? The quantitative answer to this particular problem instance is of little use for solving other instances of the problem , such as asking for a round trip through all sites in Milan whose total length is at most 10 km . For this reason , complexity theory addresses computational problems and not particular problem instances .", "question": "What is one example of an instance that the quantitative answer to the traveling salesman problem is unable to answer ?", "sent_token": ["To", "further", "highlight", "the", "difference", "between", "a", "problem", "and", "an", "instance", ",", "consider", "the", "following", "instance", "of", "the", "decision", "version", "of", "the", "traveling", "salesman", "problem", ":", "Is", "there", "a", "route", "of", "at", "most", "2000", "kilometres", "passing", "through", "all", "of", "Germany", "'s", "15", "largest", "cities", "?", "The", "quantitative", "answer", "to", "this", "particular", "problem", "instance", "is", "of", "little", "use", "for", "solving", "other", "instances", "of", "the", "problem", ",", "such", "as", "asking", "for", "a", "round", "trip", "through", "all", "sites", "in", "Milan", "whose", "total", "length", "is", "at", "most", "10", "km", ".", "For", "this", "reason", ",", "complexity", "theory", "addresses", "computational", "problems", "and", "not", "particular", "problem", "instances", "."], "sample_type": "disturb"}
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{"id": 1556, "title": "", "context": "To further highlight the difference between a problem and an instance , consider the following instance of the decision version of the traveling salesman problem : Is there a route of at most 2000 kilometres passing through all of Germany 's 15 largest cities ? The quantitative answer to this particular problem instance is of little use for solving other instances of the problem , such as asking for a round trip through all sites in Milan whose total length is at most 10 km . For this reason , complexity theory addresses computational problems and not particular problem instances .", "question": "What does computational complexity theory most specifically want to answer ?", "sent_token": ["To", "further", "highlight", "the", "difference", "between", "a", "problem", "and", "an", "instance", ",", "consider", "the", "following", "instance", "of", "the", "decision", "version", "of", "the", "traveling", "salesman", "problem", ":", "Is", "there", "a", "route", "of", "at", "most", "2000", "kilometres", "passing", "through", "all", "of", "Germany", "'s", "15", "largest", "cities", "?", "The", "quantitative", "answer", "to", "this", "particular", "problem", "instance", "is", "of", "little", "use", "for", "solving", "other", "instances", "of", "the", "problem", ",", "such", "as", "asking", "for", "a", "round", "trip", "through", "all", "sites", "in", "Milan", "whose", "total", "length", "is", "at", "most", "10", "km", ".", "For", "this", "reason", ",", "complexity", "theory", "addresses", "computational", "problems", "and", "not", "particular", "problem", "instances", "."], "sample_type": "disturb"}
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{"id": 1557, "title": "", "context": "When considering computational problems , a problem instance is a string over an alphabet . Generally , the alphabet is taken to be the binary alphabet ( i.e. , the set { 0,1 } ) , and thus the strings are bitstrings . As in a real - world computer , mathematical objects other than bitstrings must be suitably encoded . For example , integers can be represented in binary notation , and graphs can be encoded directly via their adjacency matrices , or by encoding their adjacency lists in binary .", "question": "In a computational problem , what can be described as a string over an alphabet ?", "sent_token": ["When", "considering", "computational", "problems", ",", "a", "problem", "instance", "is", "a", "string", "over", "an", "alphabet", ".", "Generally", ",", "the", "alphabet", "is", "taken", "to", "be", "the", "binary", "alphabet", "(", "i.e.", ",", "the", "set", "{", "0,1", "}", ")", ",", "and", "thus", "the", "strings", "are", "bitstrings", ".", "As", "in", "a", "real", "-", "world", "computer", ",", "mathematical", "objects", "other", "than", "bitstrings", "must", "be", "suitably", "encoded", ".", "For", "example", ",", "integers", "can", "be", "represented", "in", "binary", "notation", ",", "and", "graphs", "can", "be", "encoded", "directly", "via", "their", "adjacency", "matrices", ",", "or", "by", "encoding", "their", "adjacency", "lists", "in", "binary", "."], "sample_type": "disturb"}
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