chore: import upstream snapshot with attribution
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========================
Text Classification
========================
Text classification is a fundamental NLP task that assigns predefined categories to text instances. It is widely applied in multiple scenarios:
- **Sentiment analysis**: Determine emotional polarity (positive/negative/neutral) in reviews or comments
- **Topic labeling**: Categorize news articles or documents by subject
- **Spam detection**: Identify unsolicited emails/messages
- **Intent recognition**: Classify user queries in dialog systems
- **Question answering**: Determine answerability of questions
Key technical challenges include:
1. Variable text lengths (from phrases to documents)
2. Multilingual and cross-domain generalization
3. Discrepancies in label systems across domains
4. Class imbalance issues
Common solutions involve:
- Data cleaning and preprocessing
- Feature engineering (TF-IDF, embeddings)
- Model selection (from traditional ML to deep learning)
- Hyperparameter tuning and ensemble methods
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Word Vectors
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General Conversation
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Lexical Analysis
========================
Lexical Analysis (词法分析)
--------------------------
Lexical analysis is the process of converting a character sequence into a token sequence. It is the first phase of compilation and also the foundation of natural language processing.
Main Tasks:
1. Tokenization (分词)
2. Removing whitespace/comments
3. Tracking line numbers
4. Generating symbol tables
Example code:
```python
# This is a comment
x = 123
if (x > 0) {
print("Positive")
}
```
Mathematical Representation:
$$ T = Lex(S) $$
Where $S$ is the input string and $T$ is the output token sequence.
See details in [link](#lexer-implementation). For HTML tags: <div class="important"></div>
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Machine Translation
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Sequence Labeling
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============
Overview
============
Case Collections
----------
- Word Vectors
- `Improve Model Performance with Pre-trained Word Vectors <https://aistudio.baidu.com/aistudio/projectdetail/1535355>`_
- Text Classification
- `Text Classification Based on LSTM and Other RNN Networks <https://aistudio.baidu.com/aistudio/projectdetail/1283423>`_
- `Text Classification Using Pre-trained Models <https://aistudio.baidu.com/aistudio/projectdetail/1294333>`_
- `Custom Dataset for Text Multi-classification Task <https://aistudio.baidu.com/aistudio/projectdetail/1468469>`_
- Information Extraction
- `Express Bill Information Extraction with BiGRU-CRF Model <https://aistudio.baidu.com/aistudio/projectdetail/1317771>`_
- `Optimizing Express Bill Extraction with Pre-trained Model ERNIE <https://aistudio.baidu.com/aistudio/projectdetail/1329361>`_
- `Relation Extraction <https://aistudio.baidu.com/aistudio/projectdetail/1639963>`_
- `Event Extraction <https://aistudio.baidu.com/aistudio/projectdetail/1639964>`_
- Machine Reading Comprehension
- `Machine Reading Comprehension Using Pre-trained Models <https://aistudio.baidu.com/aistudio/projectdetail/1339612>`_
- Dialogue
- `Multi-skill Dialogue <https://aistudio.baidu.com/aistudio/projectdetail/1640180>`_
- Text Generation
- `Automatic Couplet Generation with Seq2Seq Model <https://aistudio.baidu.com/aistudio/projectdetail/1321118>`_
- `Intelligent Poetry Generation with ERNIE-GEN Model <https://aistudio.baidu.com/aistudio/projectdetail/1339888>`_
- Time Series Prediction
- `COVID-19 Case Prediction Using TCN Network <https://aistudio.baidu.com/aistudio/projectdetail/1290873>`_
More tutorials available at `PaddleNLP on AI Studio <https://aistudio.baidu.com/aistudio/personalcenter/thirdview/574995>`_
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Reading Comprehension
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Semantic Matching
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Text Generation
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