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chore: import upstream snapshot with attribution
2026-07-13 13:29:51 +08:00

628 lines
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Python

# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
"""Tests for omlx.speculative.vlm_mtp.
Phase 2A: covers drafter validation, lazy bind, and wrapper-level dispatch
to mlx-vlm's ``_mtp_rounds`` / ``_mtp_rounds_batch``. The actual mlx-vlm
helpers are mocked so this suite stays fast and does not touch model
weights.
"""
from __future__ import annotations
from types import SimpleNamespace
from unittest.mock import MagicMock, patch
import mlx.core as mx
import pytest
from omlx.speculative import vlm_mtp
def _fake_drafter_model(model_type: str = "gemma4_assistant") -> MagicMock:
"""Build a stand-in for Gemma4AssistantDraftModel that satisfies the
minimum API used by VLMMTPDrafter."""
drafter = MagicMock()
drafter.config = MagicMock(model_type=model_type)
return drafter
def test_load_vlm_mtp_drafter_happy_path():
"""Valid gemma4_assistant artifact returns a populated VLMMTPDrafter."""
fake_model = _fake_drafter_model("gemma4_assistant")
with patch.object(vlm_mtp, "_vlm_load_drafter", return_value=(fake_model, "mtp")):
drafter = vlm_mtp.load_vlm_mtp_drafter("/path/to/drafter")
assert isinstance(drafter, vlm_mtp.VLMMTPDrafter)
assert drafter.draft_kind == "mtp"
assert drafter.source_path == "/path/to/drafter"
assert drafter.model is fake_model
def test_load_vlm_mtp_drafter_accepts_unified_assistant():
"""Valid gemma4_unified_assistant artifact is accepted."""
fake_model = _fake_drafter_model("gemma4_unified_assistant")
with patch.object(vlm_mtp, "_vlm_load_drafter", return_value=(fake_model, "mtp")):
drafter = vlm_mtp.load_vlm_mtp_drafter("/path/to/drafter")
assert isinstance(drafter, vlm_mtp.VLMMTPDrafter)
assert drafter.model is fake_model
def test_load_vlm_mtp_drafter_rejects_dflash_kind():
"""A drafter that resolves to non-mtp kind is rejected (None + warn)."""
fake_model = _fake_drafter_model("qwen3_dflash")
with patch.object(
vlm_mtp, "_vlm_load_drafter", return_value=(fake_model, "dflash")
):
result = vlm_mtp.load_vlm_mtp_drafter("/path/to/drafter")
assert result is None
def test_load_vlm_mtp_drafter_accepts_qwen3_5_mtp():
"""qwen3_5_mtp model_type with kind='mtp' is accepted."""
fake_model = _fake_drafter_model("qwen3_5_mtp")
with patch.object(vlm_mtp, "_vlm_load_drafter", return_value=(fake_model, "mtp")):
drafter = vlm_mtp.load_vlm_mtp_drafter("/path/to/qwen-mtp")
assert isinstance(drafter, vlm_mtp.VLMMTPDrafter)
assert drafter.draft_kind == "mtp"
assert drafter.model is fake_model
def test_load_vlm_mtp_drafter_swallows_load_exception():
"""Load failures are logged and converted to None — never raised."""
with patch.object(
vlm_mtp,
"_vlm_load_drafter",
side_effect=RuntimeError("HF repo not found"),
):
result = vlm_mtp.load_vlm_mtp_drafter("not-a-real-drafter")
assert result is None
def test_run_vlm_mtp_decode_single_request_dispatches_to_mtp_rounds():
"""Single-int first_bonus routes to ``_mtp_rounds``, yields first_bonus
then any tokens that the round loop emits."""
fake_model = _fake_drafter_model("gemma4_assistant")
drafter = vlm_mtp.VLMMTPDrafter(fake_model, "mtp", "/p")
target = MagicMock()
sampler = MagicMock()
yielded = [(11, None), (22, None), (33, None)]
with (
patch.object(vlm_mtp, "_mtp_rounds", return_value=iter(yielded)) as m_single,
patch.object(vlm_mtp, "_mtp_rounds_batch") as m_batch,
patch.object(vlm_mtp, "_buffer_mtp_target_cache") as m_buffer,
):
prompt_tokens = mx.array([[5, 6, 7]], dtype=mx.int32)
out = list(
vlm_mtp.run_vlm_mtp_decode(
target_language_model=target,
drafter=drafter,
prompt_cache=[],
hidden=mx.zeros((1, 1, 8)),
shared_kv_states={},
first_bonus=7,
max_tokens=4,
sampler=sampler,
prompt_tokens=prompt_tokens,
)
)
# first_bonus 7 is yielded by the wrapper before _mtp_rounds takes over
assert out == [7, 11, 22, 33]
m_single.assert_called_once()
m_batch.assert_not_called()
m_buffer.assert_called_once()
buffer_args = m_buffer.call_args.args
assert buffer_args[0] == []
assert getattr(buffer_args[1], "_drafter", buffer_args[1]) is fake_model
assert buffer_args[2] is None
# first_bonus int forwarded as int
kwargs = m_single.call_args.kwargs
assert kwargs["first_bonus"] == 7
assert kwargs["max_tokens"] == 4
assert kwargs["prompt_tokens"] is prompt_tokens
def test_run_vlm_mtp_decode_batch_dispatches_to_mtp_rounds_batch():
"""Multi-row mx.array first_bonus routes to ``_mtp_rounds_batch``,
emits first_bonus row then the round-loop rows."""
fake_model = _fake_drafter_model("gemma4_assistant")
drafter = vlm_mtp.VLMMTPDrafter(fake_model, "mtp", "/p")
target = MagicMock()
sampler = MagicMock()
first_bonus = mx.array([1, 2, 3]) # B=3
yielded = [([1, None, 3], None), ([None, None, None], None)]
with (
patch.object(
vlm_mtp, "_mtp_rounds_batch", return_value=iter(yielded)
) as m_batch,
patch.object(vlm_mtp, "_mtp_rounds") as m_single,
patch.object(vlm_mtp, "_buffer_mtp_target_cache") as m_buffer,
):
out = list(
vlm_mtp.run_vlm_mtp_decode(
target_language_model=target,
drafter=drafter,
prompt_cache=[],
hidden=mx.zeros((3, 1, 8)),
shared_kv_states={},
first_bonus=first_bonus,
max_tokens=4,
sampler=sampler,
eos_token_ids={2, 5},
)
)
# First yielded row is the first_bonus row (one int per request).
assert out == [[1, 2, 3], [1, None, 3], [None, None, None]]
m_batch.assert_called_once()
m_single.assert_not_called()
m_buffer.assert_not_called()
kwargs = m_batch.call_args.kwargs
# EOS forwarded as a fresh set (function does its own copy)
assert kwargs["eos_token_ids"] == {2, 5}
def test_run_vlm_mtp_decode_single_scalar_array_unwraps_to_int():
"""B=1 mx.array first_bonus is treated as single-request and unwrapped."""
fake_model = _fake_drafter_model("gemma4_assistant")
drafter = vlm_mtp.VLMMTPDrafter(fake_model, "mtp", "/p")
target = MagicMock()
sampler = MagicMock()
first_bonus = mx.array([42]) # B=1 should not take the batch branch
with (
patch.object(vlm_mtp, "_mtp_rounds", return_value=iter([])) as m_single,
patch.object(vlm_mtp, "_mtp_rounds_batch") as m_batch,
):
out = list(
vlm_mtp.run_vlm_mtp_decode(
target_language_model=target,
drafter=drafter,
prompt_cache=[],
hidden=mx.zeros((1, 1, 8)),
shared_kv_states={},
first_bonus=first_bonus,
max_tokens=4,
sampler=sampler,
)
)
# _mtp_rounds yields nothing here, so only the wrapper's first_bonus
# emit makes it into the stream.
assert out == [42]
m_single.assert_called_once()
m_batch.assert_not_called()
assert m_single.call_args.kwargs["first_bonus"] == 42
@pytest.mark.parametrize(
"vlm_mtp_kw, other_kw",
[
("dflash_enabled", "dflash_enabled"),
("specprefill_enabled", "specprefill_enabled"),
("mtp_enabled", "mtp_enabled"),
("turboquant_kv_enabled", "turboquant_kv_enabled"),
],
)
def test_model_settings_vlm_mtp_mutex(vlm_mtp_kw, other_kw):
"""ModelSettings.__post_init__ raises when vlm_mtp_enabled overlaps
with any other speculative / cache-mutating toggle."""
from omlx.model_settings import ModelSettings
with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="vlm_mtp_enabled"):
ModelSettings(vlm_mtp_enabled=True, **{other_kw: True})
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# MoE config patch tests
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
class TestMoeConfigPatch:
"""Verify that the MoE compat patch in vlm_mtp.py correctly handles
qwen3_5_moe_text text_config dicts."""
def test_patch_is_applied_on_import(self):
"""The patch runs at import time; Qwen3_5MTPConfig.__post_init__
should be the patched version."""
try:
from mlx_vlm.speculative.drafters.qwen3_5_mtp.config import (
Qwen3_5MTPConfig,
)
except ImportError:
pytest.skip("mlx-vlm qwen3_5_mtp drafter not available")
# The patched __post_init__ is a closure, not the original method.
# Verify it was replaced by checking it's not the unpatched version.
src = Qwen3_5MTPConfig.__post_init__
# The patched version references MoETextConfig in its closure.
assert src is not None
def test_moe_text_config_accepted(self):
"""Qwen3_5MTPConfig.from_dict with a MoE text_config does not raise."""
try:
from mlx_vlm.speculative.drafters.qwen3_5_mtp.config import (
Qwen3_5MTPConfig,
)
except ImportError:
pytest.skip("mlx-vlm qwen3_5_mtp drafter not available")
moe_config = {
"model_type": "qwen3_5_mtp",
"text_config": {
"model_type": "qwen3_5_moe_text",
"hidden_size": 64,
"num_hidden_layers": 2,
"num_attention_heads": 4,
"num_key_value_heads": 2,
"num_experts": 8,
"num_experts_per_tok": 2,
"shared_expert_intermediate_size": 128,
"moe_intermediate_size": 128,
"rms_norm_eps": 1e-6,
"vocab_size": 256,
"max_position_embeddings": 128,
"linear_num_value_heads": 4,
"linear_num_key_heads": 4,
"linear_key_head_dim": 16,
"linear_value_head_dim": 16,
"linear_conv_kernel_dim": 4,
"mtp_num_hidden_layers": 1,
},
}
cfg = Qwen3_5MTPConfig.from_dict(moe_config)
assert cfg.text_config is not None
assert cfg.text_config.hidden_size == 64
assert cfg.text_config.num_experts == 8
def test_dense_text_config_still_works(self):
"""Qwen3_5MTPConfig.from_dict with a dense text_config still works."""
try:
from mlx_vlm.speculative.drafters.qwen3_5_mtp.config import (
Qwen3_5MTPConfig,
)
except ImportError:
pytest.skip("mlx-vlm qwen3_5_mtp drafter not available")
dense_config = {
"model_type": "qwen3_5_mtp",
"text_config": {
"model_type": "qwen3_5",
"hidden_size": 64,
"intermediate_size": 128,
"num_hidden_layers": 2,
"num_attention_heads": 4,
"num_key_value_heads": 2,
"rms_norm_eps": 1e-6,
"vocab_size": 256,
"max_position_embeddings": 128,
"linear_num_value_heads": 4,
"linear_num_key_heads": 4,
"linear_key_head_dim": 16,
"linear_value_head_dim": 16,
"linear_conv_kernel_dim": 4,
"mtp_num_hidden_layers": 1,
},
}
cfg = Qwen3_5MTPConfig.from_dict(dense_config)
assert cfg.text_config is not None
assert cfg.text_config.hidden_size == 64
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# dense Qwen3.5 VLM runtime patch tests
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
def test_dense_vlm_runtime_return_hidden_uses_language_model_output_contract():
"""Dense Qwen3.5 VLM MTP verify must satisfy mlx-vlm's output contract."""
from mlx_vlm.models.base import LanguageModelOutput
from omlx.patches.mlx_vlm_mtp import qwen35_vlm_runtime
logits = mx.zeros((1, 2, 16))
hidden = mx.zeros((1, 2, 8))
gdn_states = [{"state": "mock"}]
class FakeStockOutput:
def __init__(self):
self.logits = logits
self.hidden_states = [hidden]
self.gdn_states = gdn_states
class FakeLanguageModel:
def __init__(self, args, config=None):
self.args = args
self.config = config
self.model = SimpleNamespace(layers=[object(), object()])
self.forward_kwargs = None
def __call__(
self,
inputs,
inputs_embeds=None,
mask=None,
cache=None,
**kwargs,
):
self.forward_kwargs = kwargs
return FakeStockOutput()
q35_lang = SimpleNamespace(LanguageModel=FakeLanguageModel)
qwen35_vlm_runtime._patch_vlm_language_model(q35_lang)
model = q35_lang.LanguageModel(
SimpleNamespace(mtp_num_hidden_layers=0, tie_word_embeddings=True),
config=None,
)
out = model(
mx.array([[1, 2]], dtype=mx.int32),
cache=[],
return_hidden=True,
return_shared_kv=True,
capture_layer_ids=[99],
)
assert isinstance(out, LanguageModelOutput)
assert out.logits is logits
assert out.hidden_states == [hidden]
assert out.hidden_states[-1] is hidden
assert out.gdn_states is gdn_states
assert out.shared_kv_states == {}
assert model.forward_kwargs["capture_layer_ids"] == [1]
def test_moe_vlm_sanitize_unfuses_gate_up_by_midpoint(monkeypatch):
"""The VLM MoE sanitize patch must preserve upstream midpoint slicing."""
from omlx.patches.mlx_vlm_mtp import qwen35_moe_vlm_model
from mlx_vlm.models.qwen3_5_moe import qwen3_5_moe
monkeypatch.setattr(qwen35_moe_vlm_model, "_APPLIED", False)
if hasattr(qwen3_5_moe.Model, "_omlx_mtp_vlm_patched"):
monkeypatch.delattr(qwen3_5_moe.Model, "_omlx_mtp_vlm_patched")
assert qwen35_moe_vlm_model.apply() is True
fake_self = SimpleNamespace(
config=SimpleNamespace(
text_config=SimpleNamespace(
tie_word_embeddings=False,
num_hidden_layers=1,
num_experts=0,
)
)
)
gate_up = mx.arange(2 * 6 * 3).reshape(2, 6, 3)
weights = {
"model.language_model.layers.0.mlp.experts.gate_up_proj": gate_up,
"model.language_model.layers.0.mlp.experts.down_proj": mx.ones((2, 4, 3)),
}
result = qwen3_5_moe.Model.sanitize(fake_self, weights)
gate_key = "language_model.model.layers.0.mlp.switch_mlp.gate_proj.weight"
up_key = "language_model.model.layers.0.mlp.switch_mlp.up_proj.weight"
assert bool(mx.all(result[gate_key] == gate_up[:, :3, :]).item())
assert bool(mx.all(result[up_key] == gate_up[:, 3:, :]).item())
def test_moe_vlm_runtime_sanitize_unfuses_gate_up_by_midpoint():
"""The runtime sanitize wrapper must not reintroduce the old split path."""
from omlx.patches.mlx_vlm_mtp import qwen35_moe_vlm_runtime
class FakeModel:
pass
fake_outer = SimpleNamespace(Model=FakeModel)
qwen35_moe_vlm_runtime._patch_vlm_outer_model_sanitize(fake_outer)
fake_self = SimpleNamespace(
config=SimpleNamespace(
text_config=SimpleNamespace(
tie_word_embeddings=False,
num_hidden_layers=1,
num_experts=0,
)
)
)
gate_up = mx.arange(2 * 6 * 3).reshape(2, 6, 3)
weights = {
"model.language_model.layers.0.mlp.experts.gate_up_proj": gate_up,
"model.language_model.layers.0.mlp.experts.down_proj": mx.ones((2, 4, 3)),
}
result = FakeModel.sanitize(fake_self, weights)
gate_key = "language_model.model.layers.0.mlp.switch_mlp.gate_proj.weight"
up_key = "language_model.model.layers.0.mlp.switch_mlp.up_proj.weight"
assert bool(mx.all(result[gate_key] == gate_up[:, :3, :]).item())
assert bool(mx.all(result[up_key] == gate_up[:, 3:, :]).item())
def _per_expert_vlm_self(num_experts=2, num_hidden_layers=1):
return SimpleNamespace(
config=SimpleNamespace(
text_config=SimpleNamespace(
tie_word_embeddings=False,
num_hidden_layers=num_hidden_layers,
num_experts=num_experts,
)
)
)
def test_moe_vlm_sanitize_stacks_per_expert_backbone(monkeypatch):
"""Ornith / raw Qwen3.5 ship backbone MoE layers as per-expert tensors.
The model-level sanitize must stack them into switch_mlp form."""
from omlx.patches.mlx_vlm_mtp import qwen35_moe_vlm_model
from mlx_vlm.models.qwen3_5_moe import qwen3_5_moe
monkeypatch.setattr(qwen35_moe_vlm_model, "_APPLIED", False)
if hasattr(qwen3_5_moe.Model, "_omlx_mtp_vlm_patched"):
monkeypatch.delattr(qwen3_5_moe.Model, "_omlx_mtp_vlm_patched")
assert qwen35_moe_vlm_model.apply() is True
pfx_in = "model.language_model.layers.0.mlp"
weights = {}
for e in range(2):
weights[f"{pfx_in}.experts.{e}.gate_proj.weight"] = mx.zeros((8, 4))
weights[f"{pfx_in}.experts.{e}.up_proj.weight"] = mx.zeros((8, 4))
weights[f"{pfx_in}.experts.{e}.down_proj.weight"] = mx.zeros((4, 8))
result = qwen3_5_moe.Model.sanitize(_per_expert_vlm_self(), weights)
pfx = "language_model.model.layers.0.mlp"
assert result[f"{pfx}.switch_mlp.gate_proj.weight"].shape == (2, 8, 4)
assert result[f"{pfx}.switch_mlp.down_proj.weight"].shape == (2, 4, 8)
assert not any(f"{pfx}.experts." in k for k in result)
def test_moe_vlm_sanitize_stacks_per_expert_backbone_quantized(monkeypatch):
"""A per-expert *quantized* backbone carries .scales/.biases. The
model-level sanitize must stack all three, leaving no orphan keys."""
from omlx.patches.mlx_vlm_mtp import qwen35_moe_vlm_model
from mlx_vlm.models.qwen3_5_moe import qwen3_5_moe
monkeypatch.setattr(qwen35_moe_vlm_model, "_APPLIED", False)
if hasattr(qwen3_5_moe.Model, "_omlx_mtp_vlm_patched"):
monkeypatch.delattr(qwen3_5_moe.Model, "_omlx_mtp_vlm_patched")
assert qwen35_moe_vlm_model.apply() is True
pfx_in = "model.language_model.layers.0.mlp"
weights = {}
for e in range(2):
for proj in ("gate_proj", "up_proj", "down_proj"):
weights[f"{pfx_in}.experts.{e}.{proj}.weight"] = mx.zeros((8, 4))
weights[f"{pfx_in}.experts.{e}.{proj}.scales"] = mx.zeros((8, 1))
weights[f"{pfx_in}.experts.{e}.{proj}.biases"] = mx.zeros((8, 1))
result = qwen3_5_moe.Model.sanitize(_per_expert_vlm_self(), weights)
pfx = "language_model.model.layers.0.mlp"
for proj in ("gate_proj", "up_proj", "down_proj"):
for suffix in ("weight", "scales", "biases"):
key = f"{pfx}.switch_mlp.{proj}.{suffix}"
assert key in result, key
assert result[key].shape[0] == 2
assert not any(f"{pfx}.experts." in k for k in result)
def test_moe_vlm_sanitize_stacks_per_expert_mtp_quantized(monkeypatch):
"""A per-expert *quantized* MTP head also carries .scales/.biases.
The model-level VLM sanitize path must keep parity with the runtime
sanitize path and stack all three suffixes."""
from omlx.patches.mlx_vlm_mtp import qwen35_moe_vlm_model
from mlx_vlm.models.qwen3_5_moe import qwen3_5_moe
monkeypatch.setattr(qwen35_moe_vlm_model, "_APPLIED", False)
if hasattr(qwen3_5_moe.Model, "_omlx_mtp_vlm_patched"):
monkeypatch.delattr(qwen3_5_moe.Model, "_omlx_mtp_vlm_patched")
assert qwen35_moe_vlm_model.apply() is True
pfx_in = "mtp.layers.0.mlp"
weights = {}
for e in range(2):
for proj in ("gate_proj", "up_proj", "down_proj"):
weights[f"{pfx_in}.experts.{e}.{proj}.weight"] = mx.zeros((8, 4))
weights[f"{pfx_in}.experts.{e}.{proj}.scales"] = mx.zeros((8, 1))
weights[f"{pfx_in}.experts.{e}.{proj}.biases"] = mx.zeros((8, 1))
result = qwen3_5_moe.Model.sanitize(_per_expert_vlm_self(), weights)
pfx = "language_model.mtp.layers.0.mlp"
for proj in ("gate_proj", "up_proj", "down_proj"):
for suffix in ("weight", "scales", "biases"):
key = f"{pfx}.switch_mlp.{proj}.{suffix}"
assert key in result, key
assert result[key].shape[0] == 2
assert not any(f"{pfx}.experts." in k for k in result)
def test_moe_vlm_runtime_sanitize_stacks_per_expert_backbone():
"""The runtime sanitize wrapper must also stack per-expert backbone
layers (parity with the model-level patch and the LLM patch)."""
from omlx.patches.mlx_vlm_mtp import qwen35_moe_vlm_runtime
class FakeModel:
pass
fake_outer = SimpleNamespace(Model=FakeModel)
qwen35_moe_vlm_runtime._patch_vlm_outer_model_sanitize(fake_outer)
pfx_in = "model.language_model.layers.0.mlp"
weights = {}
for e in range(2):
weights[f"{pfx_in}.experts.{e}.gate_proj.weight"] = mx.zeros((8, 4))
weights[f"{pfx_in}.experts.{e}.up_proj.weight"] = mx.zeros((8, 4))
weights[f"{pfx_in}.experts.{e}.down_proj.weight"] = mx.zeros((4, 8))
result = FakeModel.sanitize(_per_expert_vlm_self(), weights)
pfx = "language_model.model.layers.0.mlp"
assert result[f"{pfx}.switch_mlp.gate_proj.weight"].shape == (2, 8, 4)
assert result[f"{pfx}.switch_mlp.up_proj.weight"].shape == (2, 8, 4)
assert result[f"{pfx}.switch_mlp.down_proj.weight"].shape == (2, 4, 8)
assert not any(f"{pfx}.experts." in k for k in result)
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# _call_backbone return format tests
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
class TestCallBackbone:
"""Verify _call_backbone handles both tuple and LanguageModelOutput."""
def test_tuple_2_return(self):
"""mlx-lm dense path returns (logits, hidden) 2-tuple."""
from omlx.patches.mlx_lm_mtp.batch_generator import _call_backbone
import mlx.core as mx
logits = mx.zeros((1, 1, 100))
hidden = mx.zeros((1, 1, 64))
model = MagicMock(return_value=(logits, hidden))
result = _call_backbone(model, mx.zeros((1, 4)), cache=[])
assert result[0] is logits
assert result[1] is hidden
assert result[2] is None # gdn_states
def test_tuple_3_return(self):
"""mlx-vlm MoE path returns (logits, hidden, gdn_states) 3-tuple."""
from omlx.patches.mlx_lm_mtp.batch_generator import _call_backbone
import mlx.core as mx
logits = mx.zeros((1, 1, 100))
hidden = mx.zeros((1, 1, 64))
gdn = [{"state": "mock"}]
model = MagicMock(return_value=(logits, hidden, gdn))
result = _call_backbone(model, mx.zeros((1, 4)), cache=[])
assert result[0] is logits
assert result[1] is hidden
assert result[2] is gdn
def test_language_model_output_return(self):
"""LanguageModelOutput is correctly unpacked."""
from omlx.patches.mlx_lm_mtp.batch_generator import _call_backbone
import mlx.core as mx
from mlx_vlm.models.base import LanguageModelOutput
logits = mx.zeros((1, 1, 100))
hidden = mx.zeros((1, 1, 64))
gdn = [{"state": "mock"}]
out = LanguageModelOutput(
logits=logits,
hidden_states=[hidden],
gdn_states=gdn,
)
model = MagicMock(return_value=out)
result = _call_backbone(model, mx.zeros((1, 4)), cache=[])
assert result[0] is logits
assert result[1] is hidden
assert result[2] is gdn