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---
title: Example
teaser: A training instance
tag: class
source: spacy/training/example.pyx
version: 3.0
---
An `Example` holds the information for one training instance. It stores two
`Doc` objects: one for holding the gold-standard reference data, and one for
holding the predictions of the pipeline. An
[`Alignment`](/api/example#alignment-object) object stores the alignment between
these two documents, as they can differ in tokenization.
## Example.\_\_init\_\_ {id="init",tag="method"}
Construct an `Example` object from the `predicted` document and the `reference`
document. If `alignment` is `None`, it will be initialized from the words in
both documents.
> #### Example
>
> ```python
> from spacy.tokens import Doc
> from spacy.training import Example
> pred_words = ["Apply", "some", "sunscreen"]
> pred_spaces = [True, True, False]
> gold_words = ["Apply", "some", "sun", "screen"]
> gold_spaces = [True, True, False, False]
> gold_tags = ["VERB", "DET", "NOUN", "NOUN"]
> predicted = Doc(nlp.vocab, words=pred_words, spaces=pred_spaces)
> reference = Doc(nlp.vocab, words=gold_words, spaces=gold_spaces, tags=gold_tags)
> example = Example(predicted, reference)
> ```
| Name | Description |
| -------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
| `predicted` | The document containing (partial) predictions. Cannot be `None`. ~~Doc~~ |
| `reference` | The document containing gold-standard annotations. Cannot be `None`. ~~Doc~~ |
| _keyword-only_ | |
| `alignment` | An object holding the alignment between the tokens of the `predicted` and `reference` documents. ~~Optional[Alignment]~~ |
## Example.from_dict {id="from_dict",tag="classmethod"}
Construct an `Example` object from the `predicted` document and the reference
annotations provided as a dictionary. For more details on the required format,
see the [training format documentation](/api/data-formats#dict-input).
> #### Example
>
> ```python
> from spacy.tokens import Doc
> from spacy.training import Example
>
> predicted = Doc(vocab, words=["Apply", "some", "sunscreen"])
> token_ref = ["Apply", "some", "sun", "screen"]
> tags_ref = ["VERB", "DET", "NOUN", "NOUN"]
> example = Example.from_dict(predicted, {"words": token_ref, "tags": tags_ref})
> ```
| Name | Description |
| -------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| `predicted` | The document containing (partial) predictions. Cannot be `None`. ~~Doc~~ |
| `example_dict` | The gold-standard annotations as a dictionary. Cannot be `None`. ~~Dict[str, Any]~~ |
| **RETURNS** | The newly constructed object. ~~Example~~ |
## Example.text {id="text",tag="property"}
The text of the `predicted` document in this `Example`.
> #### Example
>
> ```python
> raw_text = example.text
> ```
| Name | Description |
| ----------- | --------------------------------------------- |
| **RETURNS** | The text of the `predicted` document. ~~str~~ |
## Example.predicted {id="predicted",tag="property"}
The `Doc` holding the predictions. Occasionally also referred to as `example.x`.
> #### Example
>
> ```python
> docs = [eg.predicted for eg in examples]
> predictions, _ = model.begin_update(docs)
> set_annotations(docs, predictions)
> ```
| Name | Description |
| ----------- | ------------------------------------------------------ |
| **RETURNS** | The document containing (partial) predictions. ~~Doc~~ |
## Example.reference {id="reference",tag="property"}
The `Doc` holding the gold-standard annotations. Occasionally also referred to
as `example.y`.
> #### Example
>
> ```python
> for i, eg in enumerate(examples):
> for j, label in enumerate(all_labels):
> gold_labels[i][j] = eg.reference.cats.get(label, 0.0)
> ```
| Name | Description |
| ----------- | ---------------------------------------------------------- |
| **RETURNS** | The document containing gold-standard annotations. ~~Doc~~ |
## Example.alignment {id="alignment",tag="property"}
The [`Alignment`](/api/example#alignment-object) object mapping the tokens of
the `predicted` document to those of the `reference` document.
> #### Example
>
> ```python
> tokens_x = ["Apply", "some", "sunscreen"]
> x = Doc(vocab, words=tokens_x)
> tokens_y = ["Apply", "some", "sun", "screen"]
> example = Example.from_dict(x, {"words": tokens_y})
> alignment = example.alignment
> assert list(alignment.y2x.data) == [[0], [1], [2], [2]]
> ```
| Name | Description |
| ----------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------- |
| **RETURNS** | The document containing gold-standard annotations. ~~Alignment~~ |
## Example.get_aligned {id="get_aligned",tag="method"}
Get the aligned view of a certain token attribute, denoted by its int ID or
string name.
> #### Example
>
> ```python
> predicted = Doc(vocab, words=["Apply", "some", "sunscreen"])
> token_ref = ["Apply", "some", "sun", "screen"]
> tags_ref = ["VERB", "DET", "NOUN", "NOUN"]
> example = Example.from_dict(predicted, {"words": token_ref, "tags": tags_ref})
> assert example.get_aligned("TAG", as_string=True) == ["VERB", "DET", "NOUN"]
> ```
| Name | Description |
| ----------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| `field` | Attribute ID or string name. ~~Union[int, str]~~ |
| `as_string` | Whether or not to return the list of values as strings. Defaults to `False`. ~~bool~~ |
| **RETURNS** | List of integer values, or string values if `as_string` is `True`. ~~Union[List[int], List[str]]~~ |
## Example.get_aligned_parse {id="get_aligned_parse",tag="method"}
Get the aligned view of the dependency parse. If `projectivize` is set to
`True`, non-projective dependency trees are made projective through the
Pseudo-Projective Dependency Parsing algorithm by Nivre and Nilsson (2005).
> #### Example
>
> ```python
> doc = nlp("He pretty quickly walks away")
> example = Example.from_dict(doc, {"heads": [3, 2, 3, 0, 2]})
> proj_heads, proj_labels = example.get_aligned_parse(projectivize=True)
> assert proj_heads == [3, 2, 3, 0, 3]
> ```
| Name | Description |
| -------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| `projectivize` | Whether or not to projectivize the dependency trees. Defaults to `True`. ~~bool~~ |
| **RETURNS** | List of integer values, or string values if `as_string` is `True`. ~~Union[List[int], List[str]]~~ |
## Example.get_aligned_ner {id="get_aligned_ner",tag="method"}
Get the aligned view of the NER
[BILUO](/usage/linguistic-features#accessing-ner) tags.
> #### Example
>
> ```python
> words = ["Mrs", "Smith", "flew", "to", "New York"]
> doc = Doc(en_vocab, words=words)
> entities = [(0, 9, "PERSON"), (18, 26, "LOC")]
> gold_words = ["Mrs Smith", "flew", "to", "New", "York"]
> example = Example.from_dict(doc, {"words": gold_words, "entities": entities})
> ner_tags = example.get_aligned_ner()
> assert ner_tags == ["B-PERSON", "L-PERSON", "O", "O", "U-LOC"]
> ```
| Name | Description |
| ----------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| **RETURNS** | List of BILUO values, denoting whether tokens are part of an NER annotation or not. ~~List[str]~~ |
## Example.get_aligned_spans_y2x {id="get_aligned_spans_y2x",tag="method"}
Get the aligned view of any set of [`Span`](/api/span) objects defined over
[`Example.reference`](/api/example#reference). The resulting span indices will
align to the tokenization in [`Example.predicted`](/api/example#predicted).
> #### Example
>
> ```python
> words = ["Mr and Mrs Smith", "flew", "to", "New York"]
> doc = Doc(en_vocab, words=words)
> entities = [(0, 16, "PERSON")]
> tokens_ref = ["Mr", "and", "Mrs", "Smith", "flew", "to", "New", "York"]
> example = Example.from_dict(doc, {"words": tokens_ref, "entities": entities})
> ents_ref = example.reference.ents
> assert [(ent.start, ent.end) for ent in ents_ref] == [(0, 4)]
> ents_y2x = example.get_aligned_spans_y2x(ents_ref)
> assert [(ent.start, ent.end) for ent in ents_y2x] == [(0, 1)]
> ```
| Name | Description |
| --------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| `y_spans` | `Span` objects aligned to the tokenization of `reference`. ~~Iterable[Span]~~ |
| `allow_overlap` | Whether the resulting `Span` objects may overlap or not. Set to `False` by default. ~~bool~~ |
| **RETURNS** | `Span` objects aligned to the tokenization of `predicted`. ~~List[Span]~~ |
## Example.get_aligned_spans_x2y {id="get_aligned_spans_x2y",tag="method"}
Get the aligned view of any set of [`Span`](/api/span) objects defined over
[`Example.predicted`](/api/example#predicted). The resulting span indices will
align to the tokenization in [`Example.reference`](/api/example#reference). This
method is particularly useful to assess the accuracy of predicted entities
against the original gold-standard annotation.
> #### Example
>
> ```python
> nlp.add_pipe("my_ner")
> doc = nlp("Mr and Mrs Smith flew to New York")
> tokens_ref = ["Mr and Mrs", "Smith", "flew", "to", "New York"]
> example = Example.from_dict(doc, {"words": tokens_ref})
> ents_pred = example.predicted.ents
> # Assume the NER model has found "Mr and Mrs Smith" as a named entity
> assert [(ent.start, ent.end) for ent in ents_pred] == [(0, 4)]
> ents_x2y = example.get_aligned_spans_x2y(ents_pred)
> assert [(ent.start, ent.end) for ent in ents_x2y] == [(0, 2)]
> ```
| Name | Description |
| --------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| `x_spans` | `Span` objects aligned to the tokenization of `predicted`. ~~Iterable[Span]~~ |
| `allow_overlap` | Whether the resulting `Span` objects may overlap or not. Set to `False` by default. ~~bool~~ |
| **RETURNS** | `Span` objects aligned to the tokenization of `reference`. ~~List[Span]~~ |
## Example.to_dict {id="to_dict",tag="method"}
Return a [dictionary representation](/api/data-formats#dict-input) of the
reference annotation contained in this `Example`.
> #### Example
>
> ```python
> eg_dict = example.to_dict()
> ```
| Name | Description |
| ----------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| **RETURNS** | Dictionary representation of the reference annotation. ~~Dict[str, Any]~~ |
## Example.split_sents {id="split_sents",tag="method"}
Split one `Example` into multiple `Example` objects, one for each sentence.
> #### Example
>
> ```python
> doc = nlp("I went yesterday had lots of fun")
> tokens_ref = ["I", "went", "yesterday", "had", "lots", "of", "fun"]
> sents_ref = [True, False, False, True, False, False, False]
> example = Example.from_dict(doc, {"words": tokens_ref, "sent_starts": sents_ref})
> split_examples = example.split_sents()
> assert split_examples[0].text == "I went yesterday "
> assert split_examples[1].text == "had lots of fun"
> ```
| Name | Description |
| ----------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| **RETURNS** | List of `Example` objects, one for each original sentence. ~~List[Example]~~ |
## Alignment {id="alignment-object",version="3"}
Calculate alignment tables between two tokenizations.
### Alignment attributes {id="alignment-attributes"}
Alignment attributes are managed using `AlignmentArray`, which is a simplified
version of Thinc's [Ragged](https://thinc.ai/docs/api-types#ragged) type that
only supports the `data` and `length` attributes.
| Name | Description |
| ----- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| `x2y` | The `AlignmentArray` object holding the alignment from `x` to `y`. ~~AlignmentArray~~ |
| `y2x` | The `AlignmentArray` object holding the alignment from `y` to `x`. ~~AlignmentArray~~ |
<Infobox title="Important note" variant="warning">
The current implementation of the alignment algorithm assumes that both
tokenizations add up to the same string. For example, you'll be able to align
`["I", "'", "m"]` and `["I", "'m"]`, which both add up to `"I'm"`, but not
`["I", "'m"]` and `["I", "am"]`.
</Infobox>
> #### Example
>
> ```python
> from spacy.training import Alignment
>
> bert_tokens = ["obama", "'", "s", "podcast"]
> spacy_tokens = ["obama", "'s", "podcast"]
> alignment = Alignment.from_strings(bert_tokens, spacy_tokens)
> a2b = alignment.x2y
> assert list(a2b.data) == [0, 1, 1, 2]
> ```
>
> If `a2b.data[1] == a2b.data[2] == 1`, that means that `A[1]` (`"'"`) and
> `A[2]` (`"s"`) both align to `B[1]` (`"'s"`).
### Alignment.from_strings {id="classmethod",tag="function"}
| Name | Description |
| ----------- | ------------------------------------------------------------- |
| `A` | String values of candidate tokens to align. ~~List[str]~~ |
| `B` | String values of reference tokens to align. ~~List[str]~~ |
| **RETURNS** | An `Alignment` object describing the alignment. ~~Alignment~~ |