[System]
You are a Web Information Seeking Master. Your task is to thoroughly seek the internet for information and provide accurate answers to questions. No matter how complex the query, you will not give up until you find the corresponding information.

As you proceed, adhere to the following principles:

1. **Persistent Actions for Answers**: You will engage in many interactions, delving deeply into the topic to explore all possible aspects until a satisfactory answer is found.

2. **Repeated Verification**: Before presenting a Final Answer, you will **cross-check** and **validate the information** you've gathered to confirm its accuracy and reliability.

3. **Attention to Detail**: You will carefully analyze each information source to ensure that all data is current, relevant, and from credible origins.
Current date: 2025-05-06

[User]
A conversation between User and Assistant. The user asks a question, and the assistant solves it by calling one or more of the following tools.
<tools>
{
  "name": "search",
  "description": "Performs batched web searches: supply an array 'query'; the tool retrieves the top 10 results for each query in one call.",
  "parameters": {
    "type": "object",
    "properties": {
      "query": {
        "type": "array",
        "items": {
          "type": "string"
        },
        "description": "Array of query strings. Include multiple complementary search queries in a single call."
      }
    },
    "required": [
      "query"
    ]
    }
},
{
  "name": "visit",
    "description": "Visit webpage(s) and return the summary of the content.",
    "parameters": {
        "type": "object",
        "properties": {
            "url": {
                "type": "array",
                "items": {"type": "string"},
                "description": "The URL(s) of the webpage(s) to visit. Can be a single URL or an array of URLs."
            },
            "goal": {
                "type": "string",
                "description": "The specific information goal for visiting webpage(s)."
            }
        },
        "required": [
            "url",
            "goal"
        ]
    }
}
</tools>

The assistant starts with one or more cycles of (thinking about which tool to use -> performing tool call -> waiting for tool response), and ends with (thinking about the answer -> answer of the question). The thinking processes, tool calls, tool responses, and answer are enclosed within their tags. There could be multiple thinking processes, tool calls, tool call parameters and tool response parameters.

Example response:
<think> thinking process here </think>
<tool_call>
{"name": "tool name here", "arguments": {"parameter name here": parameter value here, "another parameter name here": another parameter value here, ...}}
</tool_call>
<tool_response>
tool_response here
</tool_response>
<think> thinking process here </think>
<tool_call>
{"name": "another tool name here", "arguments": {...}}
</tool_call>
<tool_response>
tool_response here
</tool_response>
(more thinking processes, tool calls and tool responses here)
<think> thinking process here </think>
<answer> answer here </answer>

User: Which country, initially declaring independence on 16 February 1918 and later recognized as the first Soviet republic to declare independence in March 1990, is referenced in a 2025 document regarding the economic conditions of former Soviet states as having re-established itself as a democratic state?

[Assistant]
<think>
Okay, let's tackle this question step by step. The user is asking about a country that declared independence on February 16, 1918, and then again in March 1990 as the first Soviet republic to do so. Additionally, there's a 2025 document mentioning its re-establishment as a democratic state in relation to economic conditions of former Soviet states.

First, I need to identify the country in question. The key dates here are 1918 and 1990. The 1918 independence declaration suggests a country that was independent before being incorporated into the Soviet Union. The 1990 independence declaration as the first Soviet republic to do so would mean it was part of the USSR and was among the first to declare independence during the dissolution.

Starting with the 1918 date: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania (the Baltic states) all declared independence around that time, but I need to check which one declared on February 16. Let me recall, Estonia declared independence on February 24, 1918. Latvia on November 18, 1918. Wait, maybe I'm mixing up the dates. Alternatively, maybe it's Georgia? Georgia did declare independence from the Russian Empire in May 1918 but that's not February. Hmm.

Wait, the question says "initially declaring independence on 16 February 1918". Let me confirm. A quick search in my memory: Estonia's declaration was indeed February 24, 1918. Latvia on November 18. Lithuania on February 16, 1918. Ah, Lithuania's date is February 16, 1918. So that's a possible candidate. Then in 1990, Lithuania was the first to declare independence from the Soviet Union, which they did on March 11, 1990. That matches the second part.

So the country is likely Lithuania. Now, the other part is about a 2025 document referencing it as having re-established itself as a democratic state in economic conditions of former Soviet states. Since the question mentions a 2025 document, which is in the future from our current date (assuming the user's current date is 2023 or 2024), I might need to check if there's any recent (up to 2025) references. But since I can't access the future, maybe the answer is Lithuania regardless. But to be thorough, let's check using the tools provided.

First, I should use the search tool to confirm the independence dates. Let me structure the steps:

1. Use the search tool to confirm which country declared independence on Feb 16, 1918. The query could be "country declared independence feb 16 1918".

2. Then check which was first to declare independence in 1990 from the USSR. The query might be "first soviet republic to declare independence in march 1990".

3. Then check if Lithuania is mentioned in documents regarding economic conditions of former Soviet states as a democratic state. Since the 2025 document isn't available yet, maybe the answer is still Lithuania based on historical info, but perhaps the user expects that. Alternatively, maybe another country.

Wait, let me think again. The key is that the country was the first to declare independence in March 1990. Lithuania did that in March 11, 1990, so that's correct. So combining both dates, Lithuania fits. The mention of re-establishing as a democratic state makes sense because after independence, they transitioned to democracy.

Therefore, the answer is Lithuania. But since the user requires using the tools, I should perform the search steps.

First Action: search with queries ["country declared independence feb 16 1918", "first soviet republic independence march 1990", "2025 document economic conditions former soviet states democratic state"].

Wait, but the third query might not yield results since it's 2025. Alternatively, maybe the question is testing knowledge up to present info, so the 2025 part is just part of the question's phrasing, but the answer is still Lithuania.

Let me proceed with the first two search queries.
</think>
<tool_call>
{"name": "search", "arguments": {"query": ["country declared independence feb 16 1918", "first soviet republic to declare independence in march 1990"]}}
</tool_call>

[User]
<tool_response>
A Google search for 'country declared independence feb 16 1918' found 9 results:

## Web Results
1. [Act of Independence of Lithuania - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Independence_of_Lithuania)

was signed by the Council of Lithuania on February 16, 1918, proclaiming independence from Russia and the restoration of an independent State of Lithuania.

2. [Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_the_Re-Establishment_of_the_State_of_Lithuania)

... Independence of Lithuania on 16 February 1918. Lithuania enjoyed independence for two decades. In August 1939, the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany signed the ...

3. [Grassley Recognizes Lithuanian Independence](https://www.grassley.senate.gov/news/remarks/grassley-recognizes-lithuanian-independence)
Date published: Mar 11, 2025

The modern Republic of Lithuania was born on February 16, 1918. The United States has maintained continuous diplomatic relations with ...

4. [Proclamation 5772 -- Lithuanian Independence Day, 1988](https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/archives/speech/proclamation-5772-lithuanian-independence-day-1988)

On February 16, 1918, the Lithuanian National Council declared the independence of Lithuania and established the Republic of Lithuania.

5. [16 February – Day of Restoration of Lithuania's Independence - LRS](https://www.lrs.lt/pls/inter/w5_show?p_r=5691&p_k=2)

On 16 February 1918, the members of the Council signed the Act of Independence of Lithuania.

6. [Lithuanian Independence Celebration - House of Lithuania](https://about.houseoflithuania.org/index.php/get-together/lithuanian-independence-celebration)

February 16th, 1918 marks the Act of Reinstating Independence of Lithuania. On that day the Council of Lithuania proclaimed the restoration of an independent ...

7. [Why does Lithuania have two independence days? - LRT](https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/1362088/why-does-lithuania-have-two-independence-days?srsltid=AfmBOopbG_iHOpJMVUaFOhMBsjzKjkIbw4W1GdUV6A72EkBVBLMlDMmz)
Date published: Mar 11, 2021

On February 16, 1918, the twenty members of the Council of Lithuania signed a document – the Act of Independence – declaring Lithuania a sovereign democratic ...

8. [Happy Birthday Lithuania - Lithuanian Independence day 2025](https://www.vilniuswithlocals.com/activities/post/happy-birthday-lithuania-lithuanian-independence-day)
Date published: Mar 4, 2025

On the 16th of February 1918, the Council of Lithuania (elected in 1917 September) proclaimed the restoration of an independent State of ...

9. [Day of Restoration of the State of Lithuania](https://www.communications-unlimited.nl/day-of-restoration-of-the-state-of-lithuania/)

The Act of Reinstating Independence of Lithuania or Act of February 16 was signed by the Council of Lithuania on February 16, 1918, proclaiming the restoration ...
=======
A Google search for 'first soviet republic to declare independence in march 1990' found 9 results:

## Web Results
1. [Lithuania rejects Soviet demand to renounce its independence](https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/march-17/lithuania-rejects-soviet-demand-to-renounce-its-independence)

On March 11, 1990, Lithuania declared that it was an independent nation, the first of the Soviet republics to do so. It had, however, overestimated Gorbachev's ...

2. [Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic)

Independence restored Lithuania declared the sovereignty of its territory on 18 May 1989 and declared independence from the Soviet Union on 11 March 1990 under ...

3. [Lithuania Declares Independence from the Soviet Union | EBSCO](https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/lithuania-declares-independence-soviet-union)

Lithuania's declaration of independence from the Soviet Union on March 11, 1990, marked a significant moment in the Baltic republics' quest for sovereignty.

4. [Baltic Independence - Seventeen Moments in Soviet History](https://soviethistory.msu.edu/1991-2/baltic-independence/)

The next, fateful step was taken by the newly elected parliament (Sejm) in Lithuania, which on March 11, 1990 declared the republic an independent state.

5. [Lithuanian Independence: Recording The First Crack In The U.S.S.R.](https://www.rferl.org/a/photographing-the-night-lithuania-declared-independence-from-the-soviet-union/30481214.html)
Date published: Mar 11, 2020

A Lithuanian photographer recalls the night -- 30 years ago -- his country became the first Soviet republic to declare independence.

6. [March 11, 1990: Lithuania declares independence from the Soviet ...](https://www.reddit.com/r/europe/comments/1j8gcse/march_11_1990_lithuania_declares_independence/)
Date published: Mar 11, 2025

Lithuania was the first to declare independence and secede from the Soviet Union in March 1990. The Soviets initially withheld recognition ...

7. [March 11 – A Day of Freedom for Lithuania! On this day in 1990 ...](https://www.facebook.com/groups/439509529420173/posts/9220738801297158/)
Date published: Mar 12, 2025

On this day in 1990, Lithuania became the first Soviet republic to declare its independence, restoring its sovereignty after decades of ...

8. [[Solved] Name the first country of the Soviet Republic (USSR) to decl](https://testbook.com/question-answer/name-the-first-country-of-the-soviet-republic-uss--61cc3629f795dc4dd2653ef4)

On March 11, 1990, Lithuania declared that it was an independent nation, the first of the Soviet republics to do so. Hence, Option 2 is correct.

9. [On March 11, 1990, Lithuania made history by becoming the first ...](https://www.facebook.com/europasseurope/videos/on-march-11-1990-lithuania-made-history-by-becoming-the-first-republic-to-declar/4021956604748856/)
Date published: Mar 11, 2025

On March 11, 1990, Lithuania made history by becoming the first republic to declare its independence from the Soviet Union.

</tool_response>

[Assistant]
<think>
Okay, let me go through this step by step. The user is asking for a country that declared independence on February 16, 1918, and then again as the first Soviet republic in March 1990. The search results clearly point to Lithuania for both dates.

First, the 1918 independence: The Wikipedia entries and other sources mention the Act of Independence of Lithuania on February 16, 1918. Multiple results, like the ones from Wikipedia and LRT, confirm that date.

Next, the 1990 part: The second search query's results state that Lithuania was the first Soviet republic to declare independence on March 11, 1990. History.com and other sources back this up.

Now, the question also mentions a 2025 document referring to the country's re-establishment as a democratic state. Even though I can't access 2025 documents, the context clues and the fact that Lithuania is known for transitioning to democracy post-Soviet era make it fit. The search results from 2025 (like the Grassley recognition) mention Lithuania's continuous democratic status, so it aligns.

No conflicting information found. All the key points match Lithuania. I should confirm once more to ensure no other country fits, but the evidence is solid here.
</think>
<answer>
The country referenced is **Lithuania**. It declared independence on February 16, 1918, and was the first Soviet republic to re-declare independence on March 11, 1990. The 2025 document likely refers to Lithuania's status as a democratic state, as it has maintained democratic governance since regaining independence.
</answer>

Array of query strings. Include multiple complementary search queries in a single call.

The URL(s) of the webpage(s) to visit. Can be a single URL or an array of URLs.

The specific information goal for visiting webpage(s).

Answer: Republic of Lithuania (1918–1940)


[System]
You are a Web Information Seeking Master. Your task is to thoroughly seek the internet for information and provide accurate answers to questions. No matter how complex the query, you will not give up until you find the corresponding information.

As you proceed, adhere to the following principles:

1. **Persistent Actions for Answers**: You will engage in many interactions, delving deeply into the topic to explore all possible aspects until a satisfactory answer is found.

2. **Repeated Verification**: Before presenting a Final Answer, you will **cross-check** and **validate the information** you've gathered to confirm its accuracy and reliability.

3. **Attention to Detail**: You will carefully analyze each information source to ensure that all data is current, relevant, and from credible origins.
Current date: 2025-02-22

[User]
A conversation between User and Assistant. The user asks a question, and the assistant solves it by calling one or more of the following tools.
<tools>
{
  "name": "search",
  "description": "Performs batched web searches: supply an array 'query'; the tool retrieves the top 10 results for each query in one call.",
  "parameters": {
    "type": "object",
    "properties": {
      "query": {
        "type": "array",
        "items": {
          "type": "string"
        },
        "description": "Array of query strings. Include multiple complementary search queries in a single call."
      }
    },
    "required": [
      "query"
    ]
    }
},
{
  "name": "visit",
    "description": "Visit webpage(s) and return the summary of the content.",
    "parameters": {
        "type": "object",
        "properties": {
            "url": {
                "type": "array",
                "items": {"type": "string"},
                "description": "The URL(s) of the webpage(s) to visit. Can be a single URL or an array of URLs."
            },
            "goal": {
                "type": "string",
                "description": "The specific information goal for visiting webpage(s)."
            }
        },
        "required": [
            "url",
            "goal"
        ]
    }
}
</tools>

The assistant starts with one or more cycles of (thinking about which tool to use -> performing tool call -> waiting for tool response), and ends with (thinking about the answer -> answer of the question). The thinking processes, tool calls, tool responses, and answer are enclosed within their tags. There could be multiple thinking processes, tool calls, tool call parameters and tool response parameters.

Example response:
<think> thinking process here </think>
<tool_call>
{"name": "tool name here", "arguments": {"parameter name here": parameter value here, "another parameter name here": another parameter value here, ...}}
</tool_call>
<tool_response>
tool_response here
</tool_response>
<think> thinking process here </think>
<tool_call>
{"name": "another tool name here", "arguments": {...}}
</tool_call>
<tool_response>
tool_response here
</tool_response>
(more thinking processes, tool calls and tool responses here)
<think> thinking process here </think>
<answer> answer here </answer>

User: How does the unique property of the Spira Mirabilis, which retains its shape as it scales, appear in nature, considering it was famously analyzed by a mathematician known for contributions to differential equations, probability theory, calculus, and geometry?

[Assistant]
<think>
Okay, so I need to figure out how the Spira Mirabilis, which keeps its shape when scaled, appears in nature, and it's connected to a mathematician who worked on differential equations, probability, calculus, and geometry. Let's start by breaking down the question.

First, Spira Mirabilis is another name for the logarithmic spiral. I remember that term from math classes. The key property here is that it maintains its shape as it grows, which is called self-similarity. Now, the mathematician mentioned probably is someone famous in those fields. The big names in those areas... Maybe Jacob Bernoulli? I think he worked on spirals. Let me confirm that.

So I should use the search tool to look up "mathematician who analyzed Spira Mirabilis" or "logarithmic spiral mathematician differential equations probability". Let me structure that as a search query. Wait, the user wants me to use the tools step by step. Let me start with the search first.
</think>
<tool_call>
{"name": "search", "arguments": {"query": ["Spira Mirabilis mathematician contributions differential equations probability calculus geometry", "logarithmic spiral natural occurrences examples", "famous mathematician who studied logarithmic spiral"]}}
</tool_call>

[User]
<tool_response>
A Google search for 'Spira Mirabilis mathematician contributions differential equations probability calculus geometry' found 10 results:

## Web Results
1. [The Equiangular Spiral: Spira Mirabilis - Radford University](https://sites.radford.edu/~cshing/122/Lecture/The%20Equiangular%20Spiral%20Spira%20Mirabilis.htm)

The purpose of this article is to develop the parametric equation for the plane curve of the equiangular spiral also known as the logarithmic spiral or the ...

2. [[PDF] The Britannica Guide to Analysis and Calculus](https://research-solution.com/uplode/books/book-25936.pdf)

He also made contributions to the theory of differential equations, the mathematics of ship sails, and optics. Johann sent to L'Hôpital in Paris a method or ...

3. [Logarithmic Spiral -- from Wolfram MathWorld](https://mathworld.wolfram.com/LogarithmicSpiral.html)

The logarithmic spiral is a spiral whose polar equation is given by r=ae^(btheta), where r is the distance from the origin, theta is the angle from the x-axis, ...

4. [Jacob Bernoulli | Famous Mathematicians](https://famous-mathematicians.com/jacob-bernoulli/)

It was none other than Jacob Bernoulli who developed the technique to solve 'separable differential equations'. After he returned from his travels in Europe in ...

5. [Logarithmic spiral - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithmic_spiral)

Spira mirabilis and Jacob Bernoulli Spira mirabilis, Latin for "miraculous spiral", is another name for the logarithmic spiral.

6. [[PDF] Bernoulli Brothers -RE-S-O-N-A-N-C-E--I-O-c-to-b-e-r-2-0-0-1](https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/reso/006/10/0029-0037)

spiral that the christened the curve 'Spira mirabilis' (The mar- ... Jacob used differential equations in tackling various geometrical and mechanical problems.

7. [Logarithmic spiral | Spira Mirabilis This is a visualization of a self ...](https://www.instagram.com/reel/DDreOlhx4gG/?hl=en)
Date published: Dec 17, 2024

Logarithmic spiral | Spira Mirabilis · Geometric series dissections - can you see the pattern? · Unraveling a circle area · Which is larger: A^ B ...

8. [Jacob Bernoulli - Wikiquote](https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Jacob_Bernoulli)

He is known for his numerous contributions to calculus, and along with his ... Bernoulli wanted the logarithmic Spira mirabilis, "the marvelous spiral ...

9. [[PDF] Mathematics 106, Winter 2011](https://www.math.ucla.edu/~vsv/math106.pdf)

His greatest mathematical discovery is that coordinates can be assigned to points on the plane in such a way that a straight line is given by a linear equation, ...

10. [Jakob I Bernoulli | Encyclopedia.com](https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/science-and-technology/mathematics-biographies/jakob-i-bernoulli)
Date published: May 21, 2018

In two notable contributions to differential calculus (1691), he examined the parabolic spiral (in polar coordinates: , the elliptical ...
=======
A Google search for 'logarithmic spiral natural occurrences examples' found 9 results:

## Web Results
1. [Spirals in Nature - Life Through A Mathematician's Eyes](https://lifethroughamathematicianseyes.wordpress.com/2017/10/18/spirals-in-nature/)
Date published: Oct 18, 2017

This spiral doesn't appear in nature as often as the logarithmic one, but you can see it easily in ferns, millipede spirals, cabbage, human ...

2. [Spirals, Spirals Everywhere: Measuring Logarithmic Spirals in Nature](https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/blog/3191-spirals-in-paleontology)

Naturally occurring spirals, when compared with logarithmic spirals, contain a wealth of information including how old animal might be or what sorts of life ...

3. [Logarithmic spiral - TCS Wiki](https://tcs.nju.edu.cn/wiki/index.php/Logarithmic_spiral)
Date published: Mar 9, 2015

In several natural phenomena one may find curves that are close to being logarithmic spirals. Here follows some examples and reasons: The ...

4. [The Enigmatic Beauty and Significance of Logarithmic Spirals.](https://medium.com/@gurpreet.singh_89/the-enigmatic-beauty-and-significance-of-logarithmic-spirals-14788851a200)
Date published: Jan 20, 2024

1. Natural Occurrence: Logarithmic spirals are not merely a mathematical abstraction; they are prevalent in the natural world. One of the most ...

5. [Why Do Spirals Exist Everywhere in Nature? - Blue Labyrinths](https://bluelabyrinths.com/2015/03/19/why-do-spirals-exist-everywhere-in-nature/)
Date published: Mar 19, 2015

Other interesting natural phenomena are close to being logarithmic spirals, including the approach of a hawk to its prey, as well as the ...

6. [Is it a self-similar spiral curve which often appears in nature? - Quora](https://www.quora.com/Is-it-a-self-similar-spiral-curve-which-often-appears-in-nature)
Date published: Oct 3, 2021

On the other hand, a typical example of a self similar curve occurring in nature is the coast of Scotland. You observe the coast from outer ...

7. [Are These 10 Natural Occurrences Examples of the Fibonacci ...](https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/are-these-10-natural-occurrences-examples-of-the-fibonacci-sequence)
Date published: Sep 4, 2024

Examples of the Fibonacci Sequence in Nature · 1. Pine Cones · 2. Sunflowers · 3. Tree Branches · 4. Plant Leaves · 5. Flower Petals · 6. Human Body.

8. [Math in Nature Part 2: Spirals in Nature - Pinnguaq](https://pinnguaq.com/learn/math-in-nature-video-series/math-in-nature-part-2/)
Date published: Sep 22, 2021

Part 2 looks at spirals in nature. The video explains two different types of spirals as well as the Coriolis Effect. The activities are looking ...

9. [Logarithmic spiral Facts for Kids](https://kids.kiddle.co/Logarithmic_spiral)

In several natural phenomena one may find curves that are close to being logarithmic spirals. Here follows some examples and reasons: The approach of a hawk to ...
=======
A Google search for 'famous mathematician who studied logarithmic spiral' found 9 results:

## Web Results
1. [Logarithmic spiral - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithmic_spiral)

More than a century later, the curve was discussed by Descartes (1638), and later extensively investigated by Jacob Bernoulli, who called it Spira mirabilis, " ...

2. [The Logarithmic Spiral and Jacob Bernoulli: A Historical Exploration](https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/logarithmic-spiral-jacob-bernoulli-historical-sathya-kiruba-natarajan-xehnc)
Date published: Nov 16, 2023

Jacob Bernoulli was a notable mathematician from the Swiss Bernoulli family. During the Leibniz-Newton calculus conflict, he supported ...

3. [The early life of e - TOM ROCKS MATHS](https://tomrocksmaths.com/2021/03/30/the-early-life-of-e/)
Date published: Mar 30, 2021

Jacob Bernoulli LOVED the logarithmic spiral. There's even a funny story behind it. He was so fascinated by the spiral's equiangular property ...

4. [Jacob Bernoulli - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Bernoulli)

He also investigated caustic curves and in particular he studied these associated curves of the parabola, the logarithmic spiral and epicycloids around 1692.

5. [Spirals in Nature - Life Through A Mathematician's Eyes](https://lifethroughamathematicianseyes.wordpress.com/2017/10/18/spirals-in-nature/)
Date published: Oct 18, 2017

It was named after the famous mathematician Pierre de Fermat because he was the first that studied it. It appears in many places in nature ...

6. [Logarithmic Spirals - CARMA](https://carmamaths.org/resources/numbers/page/lvl3/42.html)

Jakob Bernoulli wanted his tombstone to be engraved with a logarithmic spiral. Unfortunately, he only got an Archimedean spiral, which is a spiral that ...

7. [Jacob Bernoulli | Famous Mathematicians](https://famous-mathematicians.com/jacob-bernoulli/)

Jacob had always been fascinated by curves especially the 'Logarithmic Spiral' resembling the mollusk shell which had perfect symmetrical spirals. Also known as ...

8. [Note V on the Logarithmic Spiral - Spira Solaris](http://www.spirasolaris.ca/rcarchibald.html)

As the result of Descartes's Letters distributed by Mersenne, Torricelli also studied the logarithmic spiral. He gave a definition which may be immediately ...

9. [The Folium of Descartes and his Equiangular Spiral](http://nationalcurvebank.org/tourist/descartes.html)

Descartes discovered the Logarithmic Spiral, also know as the Equiangular Spiral in 1638 while studying dynamics.

</tool_response>

[Assistant]
<think>
Okay, let's tackle this question step by step. The user is asking about the Spira Mirabilis, its occurrence in nature, and the mathematician associated with it.

First, from the search results, it's clear that Spira Mirabilis is another name for the logarithmic spiral. The key mathematician here is Jacob Bernoulli. The search results mention him multiple times, especially in the context of studying the logarithmic spiral. For example, Wikipedia states that he named it "Spira mirabilis" and wanted it on his tombstone. That confirms he's the right mathematician.

Next, the question mentions his contributions to differential equations, probability theory, calculus, and geometry. Jacob Bernoulli's work in differential equations is noted in the search results, like solving separable equations. He also contributed to probability with the Law of Large Numbers. This aligns with the user's description.

Now, the natural occurrences of the logarithmic spiral. The search results list examples like the nautilus shell, hurricanes, galaxies, and the shape of some flowers. The Wolfram MathWorld and Wikipedia entries confirm these. The ferns and millipedes were mentioned too, but the most iconic example is the nautilus shell. Also, the approach paths of some animals, like hawks diving, form this spiral.

Wait, need to ensure that these examples are accurate. The Medium article says hawks' approaches and galaxies are examples. The TCS Wiki mentions galaxies and hurricanes. The Life Through A Mathematician's Eyes blog also lists ferns but notes the logarithmic is more common. The key is that these natural phenomena exhibit the self-similar scaling of the logarithmic spiral.

Putting it all together: Jacob Bernoulli analyzed the logarithmic spiral (Spira Mirabilis), and its natural occurrences include the nautilus shell, galaxies, hurricanes, and the structure of some flowers. The spiral's property of retaining shape under scaling is due to its mathematical form r = ae^{bθ}, making it self-similar.

I need to make sure there's no confusion with the Fibonacci spiral, which is an approximation. The search results mention Fibonacci in some contexts, but the logarithmic is a precise curve. The answer should highlight the correct mathematician and specific natural examples without conflating with Fibonacci unless it's noted as an approximation.

So the Final Answer should state that the Spira Mirabilis (logarithmic spiral) appears in nature in structures like the nautilus shell, galaxies, hurricanes, and the shape of certain flowers. It was studied by Jacob Bernoulli, who made contributions to differential equations, probability, etc.
</think>
<tool_call>
{"name": "visit", "arguments": {"url": ["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithmic_spiral", "https://mathworld.wolfram.com/LogarithmicSpiral.html", "https://sites.radford.edu/~cshing/122/Lecture/The%20Equiangular%20Spiral%20Spira%20Mirabilis.htm"], "goal": "Verify natural occurrences and mathematician contributions"}}
</tool_call>

[User]
<tool_response>
The useful information in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithmic_spiral for user goal Verify natural occurrences and mathematician contributions as follows:

Evidence in page:
In several natural phenomena one may find curves that are close to being logarithmic spirals. Here follow some examples and reasons:
* The approach of a hawk to its prey in classical pursuit, assuming the prey travels in a straight line. Their sharpest view is at an angle to their direction of flight; this angle is the same as the spiral's pitch.
* The approach of an insect to a light source. They are used to having the light source at a constant angle to their flight path. Usually the Sun (or Moon for nocturnal species) is the only light source and flying that way will result in a practically straight line. In the same token, a rhumb line approximates a logarithmic spiral close to a pole.
* The arms of spiral galaxies. The Milky Way galaxy has several spiral arms, each of which is roughly a logarithmic spiral with pitch of about 12 degrees. However, although spiral galaxies have often been modeled as logarithmic spirals, Archimedean spirals, or hyperbolic spirals, their pitch angles vary with distance from the galactic center, unlike logarithmic spirals (for which this angle does not vary), and also at variance with the other mathematical spirals used to model them.
* The nerves of the cornea (this is, corneal nerves of the subepithelial layer terminate near superficial epithelial layer of the cornea in a logarithmic spiral pattern).
* The bands of tropical cyclones, such as hurricanes.
* Many biological structures including the shells of mollusks. In these cases, the reason may be construction from expanding similar shapes, as is the case for polygonal figures.
* Logarithmic spiral beaches can form as the result of wave refraction and diffraction by the coast. Half Moon Bay (California) is an example of such a type of beach.

The first to describe a logarithmic spiral was Albrecht Dürer (1525) who called it an 'eternal line' ('ewige Linie'). More than a century later, the curve was discussed by Descartes (1638), and later extensively investigated by Jacob Bernoulli, who called it Spira mirabilis, 'the marvelous spiral'.

Jacob Bernoulli wanted such a spiral engraved on his headstone along with the phrase 'Eadem mutata resurgo' ('Although changed, I shall arise the same.'), but, by error, an Archimedean spiral was placed there instead.

Summary:
The logarithmic spiral appears in various natural phenomena, including the approach of hawks to their prey, insects' flight towards light sources, the arms of spiral galaxies, corneal nerves, the bands of tropical cyclones, the shells of mollusks, and logarithmic spiral beaches. Historically, the logarithmic spiral was first described by Albrecht Dürer in 1525, who called it the 'eternal line.' It was later discussed by René Descartes in 1638 and extensively investigated by Jacob Bernoulli, who named it 'Spira mirabilis' or the 'marvelous spiral.' Bernoulli was particularly fascinated by the spiral's self-similarity and wished to have it engraved on his tombstone, although an error led to the engraving of an Archimedean spiral instead.
=======
The useful information in https://mathworld.wolfram.com/LogarithmicSpiral.html for user goal Verify natural occurrences and mathematician contributions as follows:

Evidence in page:
The logarithmic spiral is also known as the growth spiral, equiangular spiral, and spira mirabilis. It can be expressed parametrically as related to Fibonacci numbers, the golden ratio, and the golden rectangle, and is sometimes called the golden spiral. The logarithmic spiral can be constructed from equally spaced rays by starting at a point along one ray, and drawing the perpendicular to a neighboring ray. As the number of rays approaches infinity, the sequence of segments approaches the smooth logarithmic spiral (Hilton _et al._ 1997, pp.2-3). The logarithmic spiral was first studied by Descartes in 1638 and Jakob Bernoulli. Bernoulli was so fascinated by the spiral that he had one engraved on his tombstone (although the engraver did not draw it true to form) together with the words "eadem mutata resurgo" ("I shall arise the same though changed"). Torricelli worked on it independently and found the length of the curve (MacTutor Archive).

Summary:
The logarithmic spiral, also known as the growth spiral, equiangular spiral, and spira mirabilis, has significant natural occurrences and connections to mathematical concepts like the Fibonacci numbers and the golden ratio. Historically, it was first studied by René Descartes in 1638. Jakob Bernoulli was particularly fascinated by the spiral and had it engraved on his tombstone with the phrase 'eadem mutata resurgo' ('I shall arise the same though changed'). Evangelista Torricelli also contributed to its study by independently calculating the length of the curve. The spiral can be constructed from equally spaced rays, and as the number of rays increases, it approaches a smooth logarithmic spiral.
=======
The useful information in https://sites.radford.edu/~cshing/122/Lecture/The%20Equiangular%20Spiral%20Spira%20Mirabilis.htm for user goal Verify natural occurrences and mathematician contributions as follows:

Evidence in page:
The formal mathematical study of spirals — as did so many other rich intellectual traditions present today — began with the ancient Greeks. Building upon the work of Conon of Samos, Archimedes of Syracuse wrote a definitive early work on the subject in 250 BC entitled _On Spirals._ Indeed, the Archimedes’ spiral, as the name implies, is so named in his honor. Fascination with spirals did not end with the Greeks. In 1638, while studying dynamics, the great René Descartes — for whom the Cartesian coordinate system is named — discovered a spiral that forms a constant angle between a line drawn from the origin to any point on the curve and the tangent line at that point: the _equiangular spiral_. The rich geometry of this spiral has inspired for it an almost mystical reverence. Jacob Bernoulli, who later demonstrated its 'reproductive' properties (what contemporary students of fractals might call _self-similarity_), referred to it as _spira mirabilis_, 'the wonderful spiral.' Moreover, his reverence for it was such that he arranged for it to be inscribed upon his tombstone with the epitaph _Eadem mutata resurgo_, 'I shall arise the same, though changed.' The parallel between the self-similarity of the _equiangular spiral_ and his epitaph is obvious — the same geometry, though changed magnitude. The 'wonderful' properties of the spiral are further enhanced by its connection to the Golden mean and Fibonacci numbers, themselves objects of mystery and intrigue. The connection between the _equiangular spiral_, the Golden mean, and Fibonacci numbers is best explained in the following way: Starting with a single Golden rectangle (of length f and width 1), there is a natural sequence of nested Golden rectangles obtained by removing the leftmost square from the first rectangle, the topmost square from the second rectangle, etc. The length and width of the nth Golden rectangle can be written as linear expressions a+b f, where the coefficients a and b are always Fibonacci numbers (Golden Mean)! The _equiangular spiral_ is not some purely mathematical abstraction. It has been observed in nature in the septa of the Nautilus (as seen in the accompanying image), the development of pinecones, the pattern of seeds in a sunflower, and many organisms where their rate of growth and size are proportional.

Summary:
The study of spirals has a rich history, beginning with the ancient Greeks, particularly Archimedes, who wrote _On Spirals_ in 250 BC. Later, René Descartes discovered the equiangular spiral in 1638, a spiral that forms a constant angle between a line from the origin to any point on the curve and the tangent at that point. Jacob Bernoulli, deeply fascinated by the self-similarity of the equiangular spiral, named it 'spira mirabilis' and had it inscribed on his tombstone. The equiangular spiral is not just a mathematical curiosity; it is connected to the Golden mean and Fibonacci numbers and is observed in nature, such as in the Nautilus shell, pinecones, and sunflowers, where growth patterns often follow this spiral form.

</tool_response>

[Assistant]
<think>
Okay, let me piece this together. The user is asking how the Spira Mirabilis (logarithmic spiral) appears in nature and which mathematician studied it, given his contributions to differential equations, probability, calculus, and geometry.

First, from the searches and the visits to the websites, it's clear that the logarithmic spiral is also called the equiangular spiral or "Spira mirabilis." The key mathematician here is Jacob Bernoulli. The sources mention he was so fascinated by it that he wanted it on his tombstone with the phrase "Eadem mutata resurgo," though they mistakenly put an Archimedean spiral instead. That matches the description in the question about the mathematician's contributions because Jacob Bernoulli indeed contributed to calculus, differential equations, and geometry.

Now, the natural occurrences. The Wikipedia page lists several examples: the nautilus shell, spiral galaxies (like the Milky Way's arms), hurricanes or cyclones, the structure of corneal nerves, and logarithmic spiral beaches like Half Moon Bay. The Wolfram MathWorld page connects it to the golden ratio and Fibonacci numbers, which are often seen in natural growth patterns. The Radford University site specifically mentions Nautilus shells, pinecones, and sunflowers.

I need to ensure these examples are accurate and not confused with approximations like the Fibonacci spiral. The Nautilus shell is a classic example, even though it's sometimes debated as an approximation. The galaxies and hurricanes are also well-documented.

Putting it all together, the answer should mention Jacob Bernoulli as the mathematician, and the natural examples like nautilus shells, galaxies, hurricanes, and pinecones. The key point is the spiral's self-similarity as it grows, which matches the logarithmic spiral's mathematical property of maintaining the same shape when scaled.
</think>
<answer>
The Spira Mirabilis, or logarithmic spiral, exhibits its unique self-similar scaling in nature through structures such as the **Nautilus shell**, **spiral galaxies** (e.g., the Milky Way's arms), **tropical cyclones (hurricanes)**, and the **pattern of seeds in sunflowers**. This spiral retains its shape as it grows due to its mathematical form \( r = ae^{b\theta} \), where the angle between any radius vector and its tangent remains constant.

The mathematician who famously analyzed this spiral is **Jacob Bernoulli**. A pioneer in differential equations, probability theory (e.g., the Law of Large Numbers), calculus, and geometry, Bernoulli studied the spiral's properties and dubbed it *Spira mirabilis* ("miraculous spiral"). He wished to have it engraved on his tombstone with the epitaph *"Eadem mutata resurgo"* ("Though changed, I arise unchanged"), symbolizing the spiral's unchanging form under scaling. Unfortunately, an Archimedean spiral was mistakenly engraved instead.
</answer>

Performs batched web searches: supply an array 'queries'; the tool retrieves the top 10 results for each query in one call.

Array of query strings. Include multiple complementary search queries in a single call.

Visit webpage(s) and return the summary of the content.

The URL(s) of the webpage(s) to visit. Can be a single URL or an array of URLs.

The specific information goal for visiting webpage(s).

Answer: Its shape stays the same as its size increases


[System]
You are a Web Information Seeking Master. Your task is to thoroughly seek the internet for information and provide accurate answers to questions. No matter how complex the query, you will not give up until you find the corresponding information.

As you proceed, adhere to the following principles:

1. **Persistent Actions for Answers**: You will engage in many interactions, delving deeply into the topic to explore all possible aspects until a satisfactory answer is found.

2. **Repeated Verification**: Before presenting a Final Answer, you will **cross-check** and **validate the information** you've gathered to confirm its accuracy and reliability.

3. **Attention to Detail**: You will carefully analyze each information source to ensure that all data is current, relevant, and from credible origins.
Current date: 2025-05-31

[User]
A conversation between User and Assistant. The user asks a question, and the assistant solves it by calling one or more of the following tools.
<tools>
{
  "name": "search",
  "description": "Performs batched web searches: supply an array 'query'; the tool retrieves the top 10 results for each query in one call.",
  "parameters": {
    "type": "object",
    "properties": {
      "query": {
        "type": "array",
        "items": {
          "type": "string"
        },
        "description": "Array of query strings. Include multiple complementary search queries in a single call."
      }
    },
    "required": [
      "query"
    ]
    }
},
{
  "name": "visit",
    "description": "Visit webpage(s) and return the summary of the content.",
    "parameters": {
        "type": "object",
        "properties": {
            "url": {
                "type": "array",
                "items": {"type": "string"},
                "description": "The URL(s) of the webpage(s) to visit. Can be a single URL or an array of URLs."
            },
            "goal": {
                "type": "string",
                "description": "The specific information goal for visiting webpage(s)."
            }
        },
        "required": [
            "url",
            "goal"
        ]
    }
}
</tools>

The assistant starts with one or more cycles of (thinking about which tool to use -> performing tool call -> waiting for tool response), and ends with (thinking about the answer -> answer of the question). The thinking processes, tool calls, tool responses, and answer are enclosed within their tags. There could be multiple thinking processes, tool calls, tool call parameters and tool response parameters.

Example response:
<think> thinking process here </think>
<tool_call>
{"name": "tool name here", "arguments": {"parameter name here": parameter value here, "another parameter name here": another parameter value here, ...}}
</tool_call>
<tool_response>
tool_response here
</tool_response>
<think> thinking process here </think>
<tool_call>
{"name": "another tool name here", "arguments": {...}}
</tool_call>
<tool_response>
tool_response here
</tool_response>
(more thinking processes, tool calls and tool responses here)
<think> thinking process here </think>
<answer> answer here </answer>

User: What is the name of the Grade I listed castle in North Wales, built under Edward I and playing a significant role in the early 1400s Welsh rebellion against England, also linked with Welsh myths?

[Assistant]
<think>
Okay, let me start by understanding the question. The user is asking for the name of a Grade I listed castle in North Wales that was built by Edward I and was involved in a significant Welsh rebellion in the early 1400s, plus it's connected to Welsh myths.

First, I need to recall Edward I's castles in North Wales. He built several as part of his military campaign against the Welsh. The main ones are Caernarfon, Conwy, Harlech, and Beaumaris. These are often referred to as Edward's Iron Ring.

The question mentions a Grade I listed castle. I know that all of these are likely Grade I, but I should confirm. The key points are the rebellion in the early 1400s and the mythological link.

The rebellion in the early 1400s would be Owain Glyndŵr's revolt. He led the last successful Welsh uprising against English rule. Now, which of these castles was involved? Harlech comes to mind because it was a key stronghold for Glyndŵr. I remember that Harlech was captured by Glyndŵr's forces and was a center for his rebellion.

As for the mythological link, there's a famous tale in the Mabinogion called "The Dream of Macsen Wledig," which involves a princess from a castle on a rock, possibly Caernarfon. But another connection might be with Taliesin, the Welsh poet, or maybe the legend of Bran the Blessed. Alternatively, Harlech is associated with the legendary figure of Branwen in the Mabinogion, and there's the "Song of Roland" being played as the last stand at Harlech, though that's more historical. Wait, the poem "The Bards of Harlech" is a traditional Welsh song, but maybe not a myth. Alternatively, the castle's association with Owain Glyndŵr's rebellion is more historical than mythic.

Wait, maybe I'm mixing up the myths. Alternatively, Conwy is linked to the story of Llew Llaw Gyffes in the Mabinogion. Hmm. Let me think again.

Alternatively, maybe Beaumaris? No, Beaumaris wasn't as involved in the Glyndŵr revolt. Harlech was besieged and held out for a long time during Glyndŵr's rebellion, so that seems right.

So, putting it together: Harlech Castle. Let me verify.

I should use the search tool to confirm. Let's search for "Grade I listed Edward I castles North Wales rebellion 1400s Welsh myths".
</think>
<tool_call>
{"name": "search", "arguments": {"query": ["Grade I listed castles North Wales Edward I", "Welsh rebellion early 1400s Edward I castles", "Welsh myths associated castles North Wales"]}}
</tool_call>

[User]
<tool_response>
A Google search for 'Grade I listed castles North Wales Edward I' found 9 results:

## Web Results
1. [Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castles_and_Town_Walls_of_King_Edward_in_Gwynedd)

It includes the castles of Beaumaris and Harlech and the castles and town walls of Caernarfon and Conwy. UNESCO considers the sites to be the finest examples ...

2. [The four UNESCO-listed castles of North Wales](https://www.visitwales.com/things-do/attractions/castles-heritage/trail-majestic-castles)

UNESCO-listed quartet of North Wales castles · 1. Castell Caernarfon (Caernarfon Castle) · 2. Castell Biwmares (Beaumaris Castle) · 3. Castell Conwy (Conwy Castle).

3. [Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd](https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/374/)

The four castles of Beaumaris, Conwy, Caernarfon, Harlech and the attendant fortified towns at Conwy and Caernarfon in Gwynedd, North Wales, are the finest ...

4. [Conwy Castle - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conwy_Castle)

Conwy Castle is a fortification in Conwy, located in North Wales. It was built by Edward I, during his conquest of Wales, between 1283 and 1287.

5. [A guide to some of the most impressive Castles in North Wales](https://www.visitwales.com/things-do/attractions/castles-and-heritage/guide-some-most-impressive-castles-north-wales)

Also in Conwy you'll find the Grade I listed 19th century Gwrych Castle, meaning 'Hedge Castle'. You may recognise it as being home to the ITV television ...

6. [Why did Edward I build castles in North Wales? - Seeing the past](https://www.seeingthepast.com/blog/edward-castles)
Date published: Oct 31, 2020

This sketch map shows Edward's final castles at Conwy, Caernarfon, Harlech and Beaumaris. It also shows his earlier ones at Flint, Rhuddlan, ...

7. [[PDF] Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd World Heritage ...](https://cadw.gov.wales/sites/default/files/2019-05/Castles%20and%20Town%20Walls%20of%20King%20Edward%20-%20MP%20-%20ENG.pdf)

Of the eight new castles, the finest were Beaumaris, Caernarfon, Conwy and Harlech. Each was located on a coastal site in north-west Wales. Caernarfon and Conwy ...

8. [Castles & Forts in North Wales - GoNorthWales.co.uk](https://www.gonorthwales.co.uk/things-to-do/attractions/castles-and-forts)

Conwy Castle built by Edward 1st during his conquest of Wales is according to UNESCO, one of the finest examples of a medieval castle in Europe. The castle was ...

9. [Edward I's 'Iron Ring' of world-class Welsh castles - Wales Coast Path](https://walescoastpath.co.uk/edward-1-iron-ring-welsh-castles/)
Date published: Sep 2, 2020

His 'Iron Ring' of mighty fortresses at Conwy, Caernarfon, Beaumaris and Harlech encircled Snowdonia. Welsh resistance was effectively crushed.
=======
A Google search for 'Welsh rebellion early 1400s Edward I castles' found 9 results:

## Web Results
1. [Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castles_and_Town_Walls_of_King_Edward_in_Gwynedd)

Conwy Castle was taken at the start of the conflict by two Welsh brothers, who took control of the fortress in a sneak attack, enabling Welsh rebels to attack ...

2. [The castles & town walls of Edward I | Cadw](https://cadw.gov.wales/learn/sites-through-centuries/medieval-wales/castles-town-walls-edward-i)

Edward had a hand in creating no fewer than 17 castles in Wales. His masterpieces are the quartet of fortresses – Beaumaris, Caernarfon, Conwy and Harlech.

3. [Glyndŵr rebellion - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glynd%C5%B5r_rebellion)

The Glyndŵr rebellion was a Welsh rebellion led between 1400 and c. 1415 by ... The castles of Edward I in Wales, 1277-1307. Oxford: Osprey. ISBN ...

4. [Welsh Castles After The Conquest](https://www.castlewales.com/post_edw.html)

It was this situation in south ease Wales which gave rise to one of the most glorious and chivalrous castles of the 15th century - Raglan.

5. [Medieval and Middle Ages History Timelines - Edwardian Castles](https://www.timeref.com/castles/castedwd.htm)

Edward captured the castles of Dolwyddlan and Criccieth in North Wales and began another huge undertaking of castle building. These castles included Caernarvon ...

6. [Harlech Castle - Great Castles](https://great-castles.com/harlech.html)

During the great Welsh uprising led by Owain Glyndŵr between 1400 and 1414, the castles of Aberystwyth, Beaumaris, Caernarfon, and Harlech became isolated ...

7. [The Capture of Conwy Castle - History Hit](https://www.historyhit.com/the-capture-of-conwy-castle/)
Date published: Feb 13, 2023

On April Fool's Day in 1401, one of Britain's most secure castles, at Conwy, was seized by rebels. It was an embarrassment to the new King of England, Henry IV.

8. [List of Castles in Wales | Historic UK](https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryMagazine/DestinationsUK/CastlesinWales/)

Edward I expanded the castle and established a small town beside it. In 1294 the Welsh leader Madoc ap Llywelyn mounted a major revolt against English rule, ...

9. [An historical tour of the Last Welsh rebellion - The Cultural Experience](https://www.theculturalexperience.com/tours/owain-glyndwr-history-tour/)

Following two campaigns to put down rebellions by Llywelyn ap Gruffydd, Edward I determined to surround troublesome North Wales with a ring of massive castles, ...
=======
A Google search for 'Welsh myths associated castles North Wales' found 9 results:

## Web Results
1. [Welsh myths and folklore | Wales - National Trust](https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/visit/wales/welsh-myths-and-folklore)

North Wales is the setting for some of our country's most famous legends from the story of Dinas Emrys, the lofty mountain home of the dragon you see fluttering ...

2. [Welsh mythology - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_mythology)

Welsh mythology consists of both folk traditions developed in Wales, and traditions developed by the Celtic Britons elsewhere before the end of the first ...

3. [Welsh myths and legends - Wales.com](https://www.wales.com/about/history-and-heritage/welsh-traditions-myths-and-legends/welsh-myths-and-legends)

Carreg Cennen Castle is, it is said, the resting place of a Welsh prince. The legend of the sleeping prince has been retold many times but Owain Lawgoch (Owain ...

4. [Welsh places connected to the King Arthur legend - Visit Wales](https://www.visitwales.com/info/history-heritage-and-traditions/discover-king-arthurs-wales)

Plan your own early medieval adventure visiting our ancient hill forts & standing stones with links to King Arthur, Merlin and Camelot. Explore the myth.

5. [North Wales sites linked to the best Welsh myths and legends](https://www.northwalespioneer.co.uk/news/23946327.north-wales-sites-linked-best-welsh-myths-legends/)
Date published: Nov 24, 2023

North Wales sites linked to the best Welsh myths and legends · Afanc (Conwy) · Beddgelert · Cwm Idwal · Dinas Emrys · Ysbyty Ifan · Get involved with ...

6. [Welsh Myth at Harlech - Archaeodeath - WordPress.com](https://howardwilliamsblog.wordpress.com/2017/08/20/welsh-myth-at-harlech/)
Date published: Aug 20, 2017

This sculpture dates from the 1980s. It depicts the legendary Bran the Blessed, king of Britain, and his nephew King Gwern.

7. [LOOK: 14 Legends and Myths of North Wales](https://www.dailypost.co.uk/whats-on/arts-culture-news/14-north-wales-legends-myths-9462868)
Date published: Jun 16, 2015

1. Llywelyn the Great and his dog Gelert · 2. Prince Madoc · 3. Dolwyddelan Castle and Princess Gwenllian · 4. Owain Glyndŵr and Harlech Castle · 5.

8. [The Enduring Mystique of Welsh Caernarfon Castle](https://historiesandcastles.com/wales/castles-of-wales/welsh-castle-related-articles/welsh-caernarfon-castle/)

Ghostly apparitions are said to haunt its grounds, unexplained voices echo through its empty rooms and secret tunnels supposedly hide beneath its depths, or so ...

9. [Wales: A land of King Arthur, myths and legends - Discover Britain](https://www.discoverbritain.com/heritage/mythology/welsh-legends/)
Date published: May 10, 2017

From the proliferation of castles to its myth-filled mountains, from its patron saint, St David, who caused a hill to rise beneath him as he ...

</tool_response>

[Assistant]
<think>
Okay, let's tackle this step by step. The question is asking for the name of a Grade I listed castle in North Wales built by Edward I, involved in the early 1400s Welsh rebellion, and linked to Welsh myths.

First, from the search results, the castles built by Edward I in North Wales are Caernarfon, Conwy, Harlech, and Beaumaris. All are Grade I listed since they're UNESCO sites.

Looking at the rebellion part, the early 1400s rebellion is Owain Glyndŵr's. The second search result mentions Harlech Castle being one of the castles held by Glyndŵr's rebels. The entry for Harlech specifically states it was part of the conflict, and another result says the castles of Aberystwyth, Beaumaris, Caernarfon, and Harlech were isolated during the Glyndŵr rebellion. So Harlech fits here.

Now for Welsh myths. The third search's results mention Harlech in connection with Bran the Blessed, with a sculpture there referencing the Mabinogion story. Also, the "Welsh Myth at Harlech" blog talks about Bran, whose stories are part of the Mabinogion. Additionally, the Daily Post article lists Harlech in connection with Owain Glyndŵr but also notes legends.

Putting it all together: Harlech Castle is Grade I, Edward I-built, involved in Glyndŵr's rebellion, and linked to Bran's myths. The other castles like Conwy were involved in the rebellion too but the myth link to Harlech via Bran and the sculpture seems solid. So the answer is Harlech Castle.
</think>
<answer>
The Grade I listed castle in North Wales built by Edward I, significantly involved in the early 15th-century Welsh rebellion led by Owain Glyndŵr, and linked to Welsh myths is **Harlech Castle**.

**Verification**:
1. **Edward I's Castles**: The search results confirm Harlech is part of the UNESCO-listed "Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd," built by Edward I.
2. **Role in Rebellion**: During Owain Glyndŵr’s revolt (early 1400s), Harlech was a key stronghold for Welsh rebels, as noted in sources like *Great Castles* and Wikipedia.
3. **Mythological Connection**: The castle is associated with the legend of Bran the Blessed from the Mabinogion, referenced in the *Archaeodeath* blog and local folklore. A sculpture of Bran at Harlech further cements this link.

Thus, Harlech Castle satisfies all criteria: historical significance, Grade I listing, rebellion involvement, and mythological ties.
</answer>

Array of query strings. Include multiple complementary search queries in a single call.

The URL(s) of the webpage(s) to visit. Can be a single URL or an array of URLs.

The specific information goal for visiting webpage(s).

Answer: HARLECH


[System]
You are a Web Information Seeking Master. Your task is to thoroughly seek the internet for information and provide accurate answers to questions. No matter how complex the query, you will not give up until you find the corresponding information.

As you proceed, adhere to the following principles:

1. **Persistent Actions for Answers**: You will engage in many interactions, delving deeply into the topic to explore all possible aspects until a satisfactory answer is found.

2. **Repeated Verification**: Before presenting a Final Answer, you will **cross-check** and **validate the information** you've gathered to confirm its accuracy and reliability.

3. **Attention to Detail**: You will carefully analyze each information source to ensure that all data is current, relevant, and from credible origins.
Current date: 2025-08-17

[User]
A conversation between User and Assistant. The user asks a question, and the assistant solves it by calling one or more of the following tools.
<tools>
{
  "name": "search",
  "description": "Performs batched web searches: supply an array 'query'; the tool retrieves the top 10 results for each query in one call.",
  "parameters": {
    "type": "object",
    "properties": {
      "query": {
        "type": "array",
        "items": {
          "type": "string"
        },
        "description": "Array of query strings. Include multiple complementary search queries in a single call."
      }
    },
    "required": [
      "query"
    ]
    }
},
{
  "name": "visit",
    "description": "Visit webpage(s) and return the summary of the content.",
    "parameters": {
        "type": "object",
        "properties": {
            "url": {
                "type": "array",
                "items": {"type": "string"},
                "description": "The URL(s) of the webpage(s) to visit. Can be a single URL or an array of URLs."
            },
            "goal": {
                "type": "string",
                "description": "The specific information goal for visiting webpage(s)."
            }
        },
        "required": [
            "url",
            "goal"
        ]
    }
}
</tools>

The assistant starts with one or more cycles of (thinking about which tool to use -> performing tool call -> waiting for tool response), and ends with (thinking about the answer -> answer of the question). The thinking processes, tool calls, tool responses, and answer are enclosed within their tags. There could be multiple thinking processes, tool calls, tool call parameters and tool response parameters.

Example response:
<think> thinking process here </think>
<tool_call>
{"name": "tool name here", "arguments": {"parameter name here": parameter value here, "another parameter name here": another parameter value here, ...}}
</tool_call>
<tool_response>
tool_response here
</tool_response>
<think> thinking process here </think>
<tool_call>
{"name": "another tool name here", "arguments": {...}}
</tool_call>
<tool_response>
tool_response here
</tool_response>
(more thinking processes, tool calls and tool responses here)
<think> thinking process here </think>
<answer> answer here </answer>

User: What is the typical jersey number associated with the key position and role of a fly-half in a rugby team?

[Assistant]
<think>
Okay, I need to figure out the typical jersey number for a fly-half in rugby. Let me start by recalling what I know about rugby positions. The fly-half is a key playmaker, usually involved in kicking and handling the ball. But jersey numbers... I'm not sure. Maybe they have standard numbering in rugby.

First, I should confirm if rugby has standardized jersey numbers. I remember that in some sports like soccer, numbers are more about positions, but rugby might be different. Maybe there's a system like in NFL where certain positions have traditional numbers.

I'll start by using the search tool to look up "rugby jersey number fly-half". Let me make that query. The search results might list the standard numbers for each position.

Wait, the user specified to use the tools properly. Let me structure the action correctly. Using the search API with the query "typical jersey number fly-half rugby".

After getting the search results, I can check the top links. If they mention the number, that's my answer. But if the results are conflicting, I might need to visit some websites. For example, if the search returns a result from a rugby official site or a reputable sports site like ESPN or World Rugby, that would be reliable.

Suppose the search results show that fly-halves typically wear number 10. That rings a bell because I think some famous players like Daniel Carter or Jonny Wilkinson wore 10. But I need to verify this. Let me see if multiple sources say the same thing.

Alternatively, maybe the search results point to a system where back positions have lower numbers. For instance,scrum-half is 9, fly-half 10, centers 12 and 13, etc. So 10 makes sense. But I should check a couple of sources to be sure.

If I need more details, I can use the visit tool on a specific URL from the search results. For example, if the top result is from World Rugby's official site explaining position numbers, visiting that page would give a clear answer.

So first step: perform the search, then if necessary, visit a relevant webpage to confirm. Then cross-check to ensure accuracy before giving the final answer.
</think>
<tool_call>
{"name": "search", "arguments": {"query": ["typical jersey number fly-half rugby", "rugby position numbers fly-half", "what number does a fly-half wear in rugby"]}}
</tool_call>

[User]
<tool_response>
A Google search for 'typical jersey number fly-half rugby' found 8 results:

## Web Results
1. [Players and positions - World Rugby](https://www.world.rugby/the-game/beginners-guide/positions?lang=en)

Positions by number ; 9, Scrum-half, Half back ; 10, Fly-half, First five-eighth ; 11, Left wing ; 12, Inside centre.

2. [Rugby union numbering schemes - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_numbering_schemes)

Historical and traditional schemes ; Fly-half, 6, 10, 10, J ; Scrum-half, 7, 9, 9, I ...

3. [Rugby Union Positions & Numbers Explained - Net World Sports Blog](https://blog.networldsports.co.uk/rugby-union-positions-numbers-explained/)
Date published: Feb 24, 2025

Fly-Half. Shirt Number – 10. Typical Height – 5ft 10 (178cm) Weight – 13 stone (82.6kg) Primary Role – Score points ...

4. [Squad Size/Jersey Numbering - Red Mountain Youth Rugby](https://www.redmountainyouthrugby.org/about-rugby/squad-sizejersey-numbering/)

10 Flyhalf. 11, 14 Wing (11 – left, 14 – right). 12 Inside Center. 13 Outside Center. 15 Full Back. Rugby Positions Diagram. 16 to 23 Subs: The jersey numbers ...

5. [Fly Half - Rugby Position Guide | RugbyPass](https://www.rugbypass.com/articles/fly-half-1st-5-8th-position-guide/)
Date published: Aug 21, 2022

In a game of rugby union, each player on the pitch wears the number that corresponds to their position. For the fly half, this is the number 10.

6. [Player Numbering/Lettering - Rugby Football History](https://www.rugbyfootballhistory.com/player_num.htm)

The practice of showing the player's number on the shirt/jersey started in ... Fly-half, 10, 10, J, F. Left wing, 11, 11, K, E. Inside center, 12, 12, L, D.

7. [Rugby Players Positions Explained - A Beginner's Guide](https://www.rugbystuff.com/blogs/rugby-stuff-news/rugby-positions-explained-a-beginners-guide-to-understanding-the-game)

Stand-off or Fly-Half (Number 10): The Game Director. The stand-off is considered the heartbeat of the team, also known as the fly-half, and they hold the ...

8. [Complete guide to rugby positions](https://www.sportcontact.org/rugby-positions/)
Date published: Jul 8, 2024

Fly-Half (Number 10). The fly-half, also known as the stand-off, is seen as the heart of the team and is considered the most important player ...
=======
A Google search for 'rugby position numbers fly-half' found 9 results:

## Web Results
1. [Rugby union positions - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_positions)

A fly-half (number 10) is usually the first player to receive the ball from ... Fly-halves in the International Rugby Hall of Fame include Cliff Morgan ...

2. [Rugby Players Positions Explained - A Beginner's Guide](https://www.rugbystuff.com/blogs/rugby-stuff-news/rugby-positions-explained-a-beginners-guide-to-understanding-the-game)

Stand-off or Fly-Half (Number 10): The Game Director. The stand-off is considered the heartbeat of the team, also known as the fly-half, and they hold the ...

3. [Rugby union positions: All you need to know - ESPN](https://www.espn.com/rugby/story/_/id/13710866/rugby-union-positions-all-need-know)
Date published: Feb 7, 2025

Fly-Half - known as the first-five in the southern hemisphere. The back wearing No.10 who normally receives the ball from the scrum-half. Also ...

4. [Rugby Union position names : r/rugbyunion - Reddit](https://www.reddit.com/r/rugbyunion/comments/1fcnuz6/rugby_union_position_names/)
Date published: Sep 9, 2024

Props, Hooker, Flankers, second row, Number 8, scrum half, fly half, backs. That's pretty much how we referred to the positions. (I especially ...

5. [Fly Half - Rugby Position Guide | RugbyPass](https://www.rugbypass.com/articles/fly-half-1st-5-8th-position-guide/)
Date published: Aug 21, 2022

The fly half in rugby is responsible for orchestrating a team's attack and defence. Due to this, the fly half plays like a general on the field.

6. [Fly Half - Grand Valley State University Rugby](https://www2.gvsu.edu/rugby/flyhalf.htm)

Openside Flanker - Blindside Flanker - Number Eight - Scrum Half ; Fly Half - Inside Centre - Outside Centre - Wing - Fullback ; Click on Position. Fly-half. The ...

7. [Complete guide to rugby positions](https://www.sportcontact.org/rugby-positions/)
Date published: Jul 8, 2024

Scrum-Half (Number 9) · Fly-Half (Number 10) · Wingers (Number 11 & 14) · Centres (Number 12 & 13) · Full-back (Number 15).

8. [What are the positions in rugby union? All 15 roles explained](https://www.rugbyworld.com/takingpart/rugby-basics/what-are-the-positions-in-rugby-union-135829)
Date published: 4 days ago

HALF-BACKS. Fly-half (Number 10). The fly-half is the general of the team and, normally, the key decision-maker in attack. They are often also ...

9. [Rugby Positions Explained | San Diego Legion Rugby Team](https://sdlegion.com/rugby-positions)

Stand-Off or Fly-Half: The position that typically scores the most points in a rugby game is the fly-half. The fly-half is crucial in a team's offensive plays ...
=======
A Google search for 'what number does a fly-half wear in rugby' found 9 results:

## Web Results
1. [Players and positions - World Rugby](https://www.world.rugby/the-game/beginners-guide/positions?lang=en)

Positions by number ; 9, Scrum-half, Half back ; 10, Fly-half, First five-eighth ; 11, Left wing ; 12, Inside centre.

2. [Fly Half - Rugby Position Guide | RugbyPass](https://www.rugbypass.com/articles/fly-half-1st-5-8th-position-guide/)
Date published: Aug 21, 2022

In a game of rugby union, each player on the pitch wears the number that corresponds to their position. For the fly half, this is the number 10.

3. [Rugby union positions: All you need to know - ESPN](https://www.espn.com/rugby/story/_/id/13710866/rugby-union-positions-all-need-know)
Date published: Feb 7, 2025

Fly-Half - known as the first-five in the southern hemisphere. The back wearing No.10 who normally receives the ball from the scrum-half. Also ...

4. [Rugby Players Positions Explained - A Beginner's Guide](https://www.rugbystuff.com/blogs/rugby-stuff-news/rugby-positions-explained-a-beginners-guide-to-understanding-the-game)

Stand-off or Fly-Half (Number 10): The Game Director. The stand-off is considered the heartbeat of the team, also known as the fly-half, and they hold the ...

5. [What are the positions in rugby union? All 15 roles explained](https://www.rugbyworld.com/takingpart/rugby-basics/what-are-the-positions-in-rugby-union-135829)
Date published: 4 days ago

Fly-half (Number 10) ... In virtually every attack the fly-half will get their hands on the ball and either kick or pass. Most of them will call ...

6. [Rugby Union position names : r/rugbyunion - Reddit](https://www.reddit.com/r/rugbyunion/comments/1fcnuz6/rugby_union_position_names/)
Date published: Sep 9, 2024

Props, Hooker, Flankers, second row, Number 8, scrum half, fly half, backs. That's pretty much how we referred to the positions. (I ...

7. [Rugby union numbering schemes - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_numbering_schemes)

Historical and traditional schemes ; Fly-half, 6, 10, 10, J ; Scrum-half, 7, 9, 9, I ...

8. [Rugby Union Positions & Numbers Explained - Net World Sports Blog](https://blog.networldsports.co.uk/rugby-union-positions-numbers-explained/)
Date published: Feb 24, 2025

The starting players of a rugby team will wear shirts with numbers 1-15 printed on the back. Substitutes will wear numbers 16-23.

9. [What is Nick's rugby position? : r/HeartstopperAO - Reddit](https://www.reddit.com/r/HeartstopperAO/comments/x3jwva/what_is_nicks_rugby_position/)
Date published: Sep 1, 2022

He wears number 10, so he plays fly-half. In rugby your number corresponds to your position (at least for the starting 15). Upvote 21

</tool_response>

[Assistant]
<think>
Okay, let's tackle this question step by step. The user wants to know the typical jersey number for a fly-half in rugby. From the search results, I see multiple sources mentioning the number 10.

First, World Rugby's official site lists the fly-half as number 10. That's a reliable source. Wikipedia also mentions 10 as the standard number for fly-halves. Other sites like ESPN, RugbyPass, and Net World Sports all confirm the same number. The consistency across these sources is strong.

I notice some historical schemes might have different numbers, but the modern standard seems to be 10. The Reddit posts and team guides also reference 10. Since the user asked for the "typical" number, the modern and most widely recognized number 10 fits here.

No conflicting information found. All top results align. Time to verify with a direct visit to one of these sources. Let's pick the World Rugby link for confirmation.
</think>
<tool_call>
{"name": "visit", "arguments": {"url": ["https://www.world.rugby/the-game/beginners-guide/positions?lang=en"], "goal": "Confirm jersey number for fly-half"}}
</tool_call>

[User]
<tool_response>
The useful information in https://www.world.rugby/the-game/beginners-guide/positions?lang=en for user goal Confirm jersey number for fly-half as follows:

Evidence in page:
### Positions by number
**Number****Common name****Regional variations**
1 Loose-head prop
2 Hooker
3 Tight-head prop
4 Second-row Lock
5 Second-row Lock
6 Blindside flanker
7 Open side flanker
8 Number 8 Lock, Eight Man
9 Scrum-half Half back
10 Fly-half First five-eighth
11 Left wing
12 Inside centre
13 Outside centre
14 Right wing
15 Full-back

Summary:
The fly-half position in rugby is assigned the jersey number 10. This information is provided in the 'Positions by number' section of the webpage, which lists all the positions and their corresponding numbers for a 15s rugby team.

</tool_response>

[Assistant]
<think>
Alright, let me wrap this up. All the sources I checked, including the official World Rugby website, consistently state that the fly-half wears the number 10. The search results from multiple reputable sites like ESPN, Wikipedia, and rugby blogs all confirm this. The visit to World Rugby's page specifically lists it in their table. There's no conflicting info, so I'm confident the answer is 10.

**Final Answer**
The typical jersey number associated with the fly-half in a rugby team is \boxed{10}.
</think>
<answer>
The typical jersey number associated with the fly-half in a rugby team is determined through multiple reliable sources.

1. **Search Results Analysis**:
   - **World Rugby** (official site) explicitly lists the fly-half as number 10 in their "Positions by number" table.
   - **Wikipedia**, **ESPN**, **RugbyPass**, and other reputable sources confirm the fly-half wears number 10.
   - Consistent mentions across forums like Reddit and blogs further validate this standard.

2. **Direct Verification**:
   - Visiting the **World Rugby** page confirms the fly-half is assigned number 10 in their official position chart.

All sources unanimously agree that the fly-half typically wears **number 10**.

**Final Answer**
The typical jersey number associated with the fly-half in a rugby team is \boxed{10}.
</answer>

Array of query strings. Include multiple complementary search queries in a single call.

The URL(s) of the webpage(s) to visit. Can be a single URL or an array of URLs.

The specific information goal for visiting webpage(s).

Answer: 10


[System]
You are a Web Information Seeking Master. Your task is to thoroughly seek the internet for information and provide accurate answers to questions. No matter how complex the query, you will not give up until you find the corresponding information.

As you proceed, adhere to the following principles:

1. **Persistent Actions for Answers**: You will engage in many interactions, delving deeply into the topic to explore all possible aspects until a satisfactory answer is found.

2. **Repeated Verification**: Before presenting a Final Answer, you will **cross-check** and **validate the information** you've gathered to confirm its accuracy and reliability.

3. **Attention to Detail**: You will carefully analyze each information source to ensure that all data is current, relevant, and from credible origins.
Current date: 2025-08-29

[User]
A conversation between User and Assistant. The user asks a question, and the assistant solves it by calling one or more of the following tools.
<tools>
{
  "name": "search",
  "description": "Performs batched web searches: supply an array 'query'; the tool retrieves the top 10 results for each query in one call.",
  "parameters": {
    "type": "object",
    "properties": {
      "query": {
        "type": "array",
        "items": {
          "type": "string"
        },
        "description": "Array of query strings. Include multiple complementary search queries in a single call."
      }
    },
    "required": [
      "query"
    ]
    }
},
{
  "name": "visit",
    "description": "Visit webpage(s) and return the summary of the content.",
    "parameters": {
        "type": "object",
        "properties": {
            "url": {
                "type": "array",
                "items": {"type": "string"},
                "description": "The URL(s) of the webpage(s) to visit. Can be a single URL or an array of URLs."
            },
            "goal": {
                "type": "string",
                "description": "The specific information goal for visiting webpage(s)."
            }
        },
        "required": [
            "url",
            "goal"
        ]
    }
}
</tools>

The assistant starts with one or more cycles of (thinking about which tool to use -> performing tool call -> waiting for tool response), and ends with (thinking about the answer -> answer of the question). The thinking processes, tool calls, tool responses, and answer are enclosed within their tags. There could be multiple thinking processes, tool calls, tool call parameters and tool response parameters.

Example response:
<think> thinking process here </think>
<tool_call>
{"name": "tool name here", "arguments": {"parameter name here": parameter value here, "another parameter name here": another parameter value here, ...}}
</tool_call>
<tool_response>
tool_response here
</tool_response>
<think> thinking process here </think>
<tool_call>
{"name": "another tool name here", "arguments": {...}}
</tool_call>
<tool_response>
tool_response here
</tool_response>
(more thinking processes, tool calls and tool responses here)
<think> thinking process here </think>
<answer> answer here </answer>

User: What is the name of the character, created by a Scottish author, who serves as a soldier and spy, and is the protagonist in novels by John Buchan, including one published in 1916?

[Assistant]
<think>
Okay, I need to figure out the name of the character created by a Scottish author. The character is a soldier and spy, and the protagonist in John Buchan's novels, including one from 1916. Let me start by recalling what I know about John Buchan. He was a Scottish author, so that fits. His most famous work might be "The Thirty-Nine Steps," which I think was published in 1915, but the question mentions a 1916 novel. Wait, maybe I'm mixing up the dates. Let me check.

First, I should use the search tool to look up John Buchan's works and his characters. The question specifies a character who is a soldier and spy. The main character in "The Thirty-Nine Steps" is Richard Hannay. But is that the one from 1916? I'm not sure about the publication date. Let me confirm.

Wait, "The Thirty-Nine Steps" was actually published in 1915. The question says a novel from 1916. Hmm. Maybe another book in the series? John Buchan wrote several Richard Hannay novels. Let me think: the first was 1915, then others like "Greenmantle" in 1916, "Mr. Standfast" in 1916 as well? Or maybe "Mr. Standfast" was later. I might be confused here.

Alternatively, perhaps the 1916 novel is "Greenmantle," which is the second Hannay book. So the character's name would still be Richard Hannay. Let me verify that using the search tool.

I'll start by searching for "John Buchan 1916 novel protagonist" to see which character is featured in a 1916 book. The search results might show that "Greenmantle," published in 1916, features Richard Hannay as the protagonist. Therefore, the answer should be Richard Hannay. But I need to make sure that the author is indeed Scottish, which John Buchan was.

Wait, another thought: Is there another Scottish author with a spy character from that time? Maybe not. Buchan is the primary one known for Hannay. Let me cross-check the publication dates again. A quick search in my mind: "Greenmantle" came out in 1916, so that's the one. Therefore, the character is Richard Hannay. I think that's correct. But to be thorough, I should use the search tool to confirm the details.
</think>
<tool_call>
{"name": "search", "arguments": {"query": ["John Buchan 1916 novel protagonist", "Character created by John Buchan soldier spy", "Richard Hannay publication dates"]}}
</tool_call>

[User]
<tool_response>
A Google search for 'John Buchan 1916 novel protagonist' found 9 results:

## Web Results
1. [Greenmantle - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenmantle)

Greenmantle is the second of five novels by John Buchan featuring the character Richard Hannay. It was first published in 1916 by Hodder & Stoughton, London.

2. [John Buchan - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Buchan)

The novel featured Buchan's oft-used hero, Richard Hannay, whose character was partly based on Edmund Ironside, a friend of Buchan from his days in South Africa ...

3. [The Power-House by John Buchan (1916) | Books & Boots](https://astrofella.wordpress.com/2024/02/19/the-power-house-john-buchan/)
Date published: Feb 19, 2024

The narrator is Sir Edward Leithen, a Scottish barrister and Conservative MP living in London, a character who was to go on and feature in four ...

4. [The Power-House (1916): 9781120916518: Buchan, John: Books](https://www.amazon.com/Power-House-John-Buchan/dp/1120916518)

John Buchan likes to use the same characters in many of his books; Leithen is the main man in this adventure. Unlikely goings-on in London and the Home ...

5. [John Buchan's clubland heroes - New Statesman](https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/2019/05/john-buchans-clubland-heroes)
Date published: May 15, 2019

It is a short, passably good, improbable thriller that introduces Richard Hannay – a sporty expat Scot and the protagonist of five more Buchan ...

6. [Greenmantle (1916) by: John Buchan ( NOVEL ) - Barnes & Noble](https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/greenmantle-by-john-buchan-richard-hannay-2-john-buchan/1102804299)

Greenmantle is the second of five novels by John Buchan featuring the character of Richard Hannay, first published in 1916 by Hodder & Stoughton, London.

7. [Greenmantle by John Buchan - BooksPlease](https://booksplease.org/2019/01/23/greenmantle-by-john-buchan/)
Date published: Jan 23, 2019

Greenmantle is the second of five novels by John Buchan featuring the character of Richard Hannay, first published in 1916, the first being The Thirty-Nine ...

8. [Greenmantle by John Buchan, 1916, Famous spy novel - The ...](https://colinmonteath.photoshelter.com/image/I00002o8bNu1IJms/)

Greenmantle by John Buchan, 1916, Famous spy novel - The second of five novels featuring Richard Hannay - the protagonist of Buchan's most famous adventure ...

9. [John Buchan | National Library of Scotland](https://www.nls.uk/exhibitions/the-39-steps/john-buchan/)

In 1916 and 1919, Buchan published the sequels 'Greenmantle' and 'Mr Standfast', also featuring the main character Richard Hannay. Alongside his novels, Buchan ...
=======
A Google search for 'Character created by John Buchan soldier spy' found 9 results:

## Web Results
1. [Richard Hannay - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hannay)

Major-General Sir Richard Hannay, KCB, OBE, DSO, is a fictional character created by Scottish novelist John Buchan and further made popular by the 1935 Alfred ...

2. [Mr Standfast – John Buchan | I Prefer Reading - WordPress.com](https://preferreading.wordpress.com/2013/05/22/mr-standfast-john-buchan/)
Date published: May 22, 2013

Richard Hannay – soldier, spy catcher, detective – is John Buchan's most famous character. He first appears in The Thirty-Nine Steps, a book ...

3. [Order of Richard Hannay Books - OrderOfBooks.com](https://www.orderofbooks.com/characters/richard-hannay/)

Richard Hannay is the protagonist in five adventure novels by Scottish author John Buchan. The character is a fictional secret agent who was based in part ...

4. [Greenmantle (Richard Hannay #2) by John Buchan | Goodreads](https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/161000.Greenmantle)

Richard Hannay is a character created by Scottish novelist John Buchan, based on Edmund Ironside, from Edinburgh, a spy during the Second Boer War.

5. [John Buchan, the Richard Hannay books - Iain's Leisure Reading](http://www.ireid.co.uk/Books36.html)

Buchan's most famous creation was the adventurer, soldier, and spy, Richard Hannay - or rather Major-General Sir Richard Hannay, KCB, OBE, DSO, Legion of ...

6. [The Thirty-Nine Steps - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Thirty-Nine_Steps)

The Thirty-Nine Steps is a 1915 adventure novel by the Scottish author John Buchan, first published by William Blackwood and Sons, Edinburgh.

7. [John Buchan's Richard Hannay - History Today](https://www.historytoday.com/archive/john-buchans-richard-hannay)
Date published: Aug 8, 1987

John Buchan's Richard Hannay. Stranger than Fiction - the undercover spying mission of a British officer disguised as a Boer in German South- ...

8. [Richard Hannay [Spy Stories] [Books 1 - 3] by John Buchan](https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/18001654-richard-hannay-spy-stories-books-1---3)

Major-General Sir Richard Hannay, KCB, OBE, DSO, Legion of Honour, is a fictional secret agent and army officer created by Scottish novelist John Buchan. In his ...

9. [1915, Buchan, J. , The Thirty-Nine Steps – The Riddle of The Sands](https://www.theriddleofthesands.com/1915-buchan-j-the-thirty-nine-steps/)

The novel is set during May and June 1914; Europe is close to war and spies are everywhere. Richard Hannay the protagonist and narrator, an expatriate Scot, ...
=======
A Google search for 'Richard Hannay publication dates' found 9 results:

## Web Results
1. [Richard Hannay Books In Order - AddAll](https://www.addall.com/books-in-order/richard-hannay/)

The Thirty-Nine Steps (1915) · Greenmantle (1916) · Mr. Standfast (1919) · The Three Hostages (1924) · The Courts Of The Morning (1929) · The Island of Sheep (1936).

2. [Order of Richard Hannay Books - OrderOfBooks.com](https://www.orderofbooks.com/characters/richard-hannay/)

Richard Hannay made his debut in the 1915 novel The Thirty-Nine Steps. His final appearance as a major character is in the 1936 novel The Island of Sheep. Below ...

3. [Richard Hannay Series by John Buchan - Goodreads](https://www.goodreads.com/series/56890-richard-hannay)

... The Complete Richard Hannay. by John Buchan. 4.03 · 419 Ratings · 34 Reviews · published 1932 · 20 editions. This edition consists of five novels :

4. [Richard Hannay Books In Order](https://www.bookseriesinorder.com/richard-hannay/)

Publication Order of Richard Hannay Books ; Greenmantle, (1916), Description / Buy at Amazon ; Mr. Standfast, (1919), Description / Buy at Amazon ; The Three ...

5. [John Buchan's Richard Hannay books in order - Fantastic Fiction](https://www.fantasticfiction.com/b/john-buchan/richard-hannay/)

1 The Thirty-Nine Steps (1915) · 2 Greenmantle (1916) · 3 Mr Standfast (1918) aka Mr Steadfast · 4 The Three Hostages (1924) · 5 The Island of Sheep (1936)

6. [The Thirty-Nine Steps - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Thirty-Nine_Steps)

It was serialized in All-Story Weekly issues of 5 and 12 June 1915, and in Blackwood's Magazine (credited to "H. de V.") between July and September 1915, before ...

7. [[The Complete Richard Hannay Stories] (By: John Buchan) [published](https://www.amazon.com/Complete-Richard-Hannay-Stories-published/dp/B015UUNHE0)

Publisher, Wordsworth Editions Ltd. Publication date, July 5, 2010. Language, English. Item Weight, 10.7 ounces. Best Sellers Rank. #6,139,777 in Books (See ...

8. [Richard Hannay Books in Order (6 Book Series)](https://www.mostrecommendedbooks.com/series/richard-hannay-books-in-order)

Richard Hannay Books in Order (6 Book Series) ; The Thirty-Nine Steps · Richard Hannay, Book 1 · 1915 ; Greenmantle · Richard Hannay, Book 2 · 1916 ; Mr. Standfast.

9. [Man on the run | National Library of Scotland](https://www.nls.uk/learning-zone/literature-and-language/themes-in-focus/39-steps/man-on-the-run/)

1949 Pan paperback edition. Richard Hannay, hero of 'The thirty-nine steps', describes himself as 'an ordinary sort of fellow, not braver than other people ...

</tool_response>

[Assistant]
<think>
Okay, let's start by breaking down the question. The user is asking for the name of a character created by a Scottish author. This character is a soldier and spy and the protagonist in John Buchan's novels, including one published in 1916.

First, I recall that John Buchan was indeed a Scottish author, so that checks out. His most famous work is "The Thirty-Nine Steps," which I think was published in 1915. But the question specifies a 1916 novel, so maybe it's another book in the series.

Looking at the search results from the first query about John Buchan's 1916 novel, the top result mentions "Greenmantle" as his 1916 novel, which is the second in the Richard Hannay series. That's a key point. The protagonist here is Richard Hannay again. The other results also confirm that Hannay is the main character in multiple Buchan novels, including those from 1916.

The second search about the character being a soldier and spy also points to Richard Hannay. The Wikipedia entry states he's a fictional secret agent and army officer, created by Buchan. This aligns perfectly with the description given in the question.

The third search on publication dates of Hannay's books shows that "Greenmantle" was indeed published in 1916, confirming that the 1916 novel mentioned in the question is part of the Hannay series. The order lists "The Thirty-Nine Steps" (1915) followed by "Greenmantle" (1916), so the 1916 novel is part of the same series with the same protagonist.

Cross-checking all the results, there's consistency: Richard Hannay is the character created by John Buchan, a Scottish author, who serves as a soldier and spy. The 1916 novel "Greenmantle" features him as the protagonist. There's no conflicting information in the search results. All sources agree on the character's name and his role in Buchan's works. The only other character mentioned is Sir Edward Leithen from "The Power-House," but that's a different series and doesn't fit the soldier/spy description as directly as Hannay does.

Therefore, the answer is Richard Hannay. All the evidence from the searches supports this conclusion without any contradictions.
</think>
<answer>
The character's name is Richard Hannay. Created by Scottish author John Buchan, he serves as a soldier and spy, and is the protagonist in novels such as *Greenmantle*, published in 1916.
</answer>

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Answer: richard hannay